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immunology > lecture 1- overview of immune responses > Flashcards

lecture 1- overview of immune responses Flashcards

1
Q

define immunity

A

set of cooperative defense mechanisms which provide protection from various infectious diseases

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2
Q

define antigens

A

substances that can elicit an immune responses

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3
Q

define antibody

A

protein produced by the immune system when it detects antigens

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4
Q

define epitope

A

portion of an Ag molecule to which an antibody binds

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5
Q

what is the smallest epitope to which an antibody can be made

A

3-6 aa or about 5-6 sugar residues because anything smaller will be recognized by the body but will not cause an immune response

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6
Q

define immunogens

A

Ags which can stimulate an immune response

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7
Q

define haptens

A

small Ags that can bind to antibodies but cannot initiate an immune response (smaller than 4 sugars)

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8
Q

define antimicrobial peptides

A

small peptides which target pathogenic microorganisms ranging from viruses to parasites

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9
Q

define complement

A

system of plasma proteins that enhances the ability of Abs and phagocytic cells to clear pathogens from an organism

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10
Q

define acute phase proteins (APPs)

A

large group of blood proteins whose plasma concentrations change in response to tissue injury, acute infections, burns, or inflammation

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11
Q

define cytokines

A

cell signaling molecules that aid cell to cell communication in immune response, regulate growth and differentiation of all immune cells, activate the effector functions of lymphocytes and phagocytes

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12
Q

define chemokines

A

subfamily of cytokines secreted by immune cells to induce chemotaxis in nearby cells

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13
Q

define phagocytes

A

immune cells that have the ability to ingest and digest microbes

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14
Q

what do phagocytes include

A

neutrophils and macrophages

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15
Q

what are the steps in functional responses of phagocytes

A
  1. recruitment 2. recognition 3. ingestion 4. destruction
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16
Q

where are neutrophils produced

A

in bone marrow

17
Q

what cytokine stimulates the production of neutrophils

A

granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF)

18
Q

how low does a neutrophil live once it enters the tissues

A

1 to 2 days

19
Q

what common feature do mast cells, basophils and eosinophils have

A

cytoplasmic granules filled with various inflammatory and antimicrobial mediators

20
Q

what do mast cells, basophils and eosinophils protect against

A

helminthes and reactions that cause allergic diseases

21
Q

where do macrophages/monocytes arise from

A

committed precursor cells in the bone marrow and is driven by M-CSF

22
Q

what immunity are DC cells involved in

A

innate immunity

23
Q

what do DCs stimulate

A

stimulators of T cells to induce the adaptive immunty

24
Q

what are mDCs derived from

A

from monocytes and differentiated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs)

25
Q

what type of immunity do T cells that are stimulated by Ag give rise to

A

cellular immunity

26
Q

what type immunity do B cells give rise to

A

humoral immunity

27
Q

what molecules are produced as a result of humoral immunity

A

immunoglobulins (same as antigens)

28
Q

what is the principal defense mechanism against extracellular microbes and why

A

humoral adaptive immunity because secreted Ags can bind to these toxin microbes and toxins and assist in their elimination

29
Q

what is the main defense mechanisms for intracellular microbes

A

cell-mediated immunity

30
Q

define a clone

A

lymphocyte of one specificity and its progeny

31
Q

what is the major goal of vaccination

A

generation of memory responses

32
Q

define active immunity

A

conferred by a host response to a microbe or microbial Ags

33
Q

define passive immunity

A

conferred by adoptive transfer of antibodies or T lymphocytes specific for the microbe

34
Q

what do B lymphocytes recognize

A

soluble Ags and develop into Ab-secreting cells

35
Q

what do T helper cells recognize

A

Ags on the surfaces of APCs and secrete cytokines, which stimulate different mechanisms of immunity and inflammation

36
Q

what do cytotoxic T lymphocytes recognize

A

Ags on infected cells and kill these cells

37
Q

what do regulatory T cells do

A

suppress and prevent immune response

immunology (13 decks)

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