Lecture 2 Flashcards
Ancestors of plants
Green algae (Charophyceae)
How does plants limit the loss of carbohydrates due to photorespiration
They have cell walls that are composed of cellulose and anti-photorespiration enzymes
a cluster of embryonic cells found on root and shoot tips
Apical meristem
Characteristic of life cycle present in all land plants
Alteration of generations
Where are spores produced
Sporangia
Composes the walls of the spores
Sporopollenin
What produces the gametes
Multicellular gametangia
Study of fossil plants
Paleobotany
Period where small terrestrial plants started to migrate to wet terrestrial environments
Ordovician period
The period where land plants were often non-vascular with no water-conducting cells
Ordovician period
Period where stomata appeared
Silurian period
First vascular plants with water-conducting tubes
Silurian period
Period where organ differentiation was found
Early Devonian
Appearances of horsetail, conifers, mosses, and scale trees, with primitive conifers and ferns
Carboniferous period
Period where advanced conifers dominated
Permian period
Period where cycads and ginkoes appear with deep forests
Permian period
Period where flowering plants appeared
Jurassic period
Period where modern tree appeared
Cretaceous period
Appearance of grass
Cenozoic period
Three major epochs of plants
Eombryophytic, Eotracheophytic, Eutracheophytic
Period where spore tetrads and decay-resistant walls were widespread
Eombryophytic
Periods where plants employed simple spores instead of tetrads
Eotracheophytic
Period of substantial increase in vascular plant diversity
Eutracheophytic
Period where there is a substantial increase in vascular plant diversity
Eutracheophytic
What lead to the enabling of girth among trees
Lignin and Lateral meristem
Allows the conductance of carbon dioxide
stomata
function of thicker seed walls
Prevent from drying up
non-vascular land plants that has a flattened leafless thallus, also called as hepatics
Marchantiophyta
Sporophytes that resembles a horn
Anthoceratophyta
Plants with simples leaves with one cell layer attached to the stem
Bryophyta
Vascular plants with microphylls
Lycophyta
Vascular plants that reproduce via spores and have neither seeds nor flowers
Pteridophyta
produce naked seeds
Cycadophyta
monotypic taxon with only one extant
Gingkophyta
Cone-bearing seed plants
Pinophyta
Contains vessel elements similar to flowering plants
gnetophyta
seed-producing plants
Magnoliophyta
True or False: One of the problems encountered by plants during their migration to terrestrial environments was the dry and exposed environments
True
True or False: Charophyceae was the closest relative of the land plants
True
The stomata were an evolutionary novelty shared with algae
False
Many of the plants we know today evolved during the Cretaceous period
True
Terrestrial plants evolved vascular systems in response to the lack of immediate source of water in its surroundings
True
Regulate gas exchange between plant and environment
Stomata
What allowed the plants to break free from their dependence in water
Plant spores
What does the seed do to the plant
The seed protects the embryo from harsh environmental conditions
What does the waxy layer of the pansit-pansitan do?
reduces the rate of water lost from the leaf structure
Difference of vascular bundles in monocots and dicots
Dicots have vascular bundles arranged in a ring, while monocots have xylem that is not confined in the center of the plant.
One single and unbranched leaf vein
Lycophyta
Also called hepatics
Marchantiophyta
Examples of marchantiophyta
Liverworts
Anthoceratophyta examples
Hornworts
Bryophyta samples
Mosses
Lycophytes are vascular plants with ________
Microphylls
Examples of Lycophyta
Club mosses
Pteridophyta have neither seeds nor flowers; leaves are complex called ________
Megaphylls
Examples of pteridophyta
Ferns, Whisks, Ferns, and Horsetail
Examples of cycadophyta
Cycads
Examples of ginkophyta
Ginkgo
Examples of Pinophyta
Conifers
Gnetophyta examples
Gnetophytes
Magnoliophyta examples
Flowering plants
These spores form from the meiosis of _________ in the _________
Sporocytes in the sporangium
