lecture 19, pollination and fruits

Question 1

pollen is moved from … to ….

Answer 1

anther to stigma

Question 2

pollen can be move from the stigma of …

Answer 2

the same flower, a different flower on the same plant, or a completely different plant

Question 3

what is the benefit for pollinators?

Answer 3

• nectar to attract pollinators
• sugar solution
• produced in nectary
• there are many strategies to attract

Question 4

what is the significance of beetles?

Answer 4

• the first pollinator group, still the largest
• pollinate around 80% of angiosperms
• radially symmetrical flowers, easily accessible pollen

Question 5

what do flies rely on to pollinate?

Answer 5

scent

Question 6

what flowers do butterflies pollinate?

Answer 6

• large / cluster of inflorescences
• brightly coloured flowers

Question 7

what do bats rely on to pollinate? what kinds of flowers do they pollinate?

Answer 7

they rely on scent and pollinate not-showy, radially symmetrical, and tubular plants

Question 8

what kinds of flowers do birds pollinate?

Answer 8

bright colored flowers, flowers with long tubular structures, and flowers with a stamen oriented to come into contact with the bird

Question 9

what are specialist pollinators?

Answer 9

flowers that are only pollinated by one species

Question 10

what are the limitations to pollen success?

Answer 10

pollen viability, pollen incompatibility, self-incompatibility

Question 11

what is pollen viability

Answer 11

• proportion of pollen grains capable of germination
• capacity of pollen to live, grow, germinate, or develop

Question 12

what is pollen incompatibility?

Answer 12

not all pollen grains are able to fertilize all species. in most species, pollen only germinate on stigma of the same species. in some cases they can, in which we get hybrids

Question 13

what is pollen self-incompatibility?

Answer 13

when germination does not occur, due to the build of deleterious mutations (causes a higher extinct rate)

Question 14

in fruits, the ovary is only present in …

Answer 14

angiosperms

Question 15

in fruits, what do ovary tissues produce?

Answer 15

the fruit

Question 16

what are many fruits directly linked to?

Answer 16

dispersal mechanisms, i.e., gravity, wind, water, animals, etc

Question 17

what do dispersal mechanisms increase the possibility of?

Answer 17

cross-pollination - increases genetic variation/possibility to adapt to change

Question 18

what is dehiscence?

Answer 18

explosion of dried out fruits, as cells die and collapse/shrink, pulling away at seams

Question 19

what is pericarp?

Answer 19

tissues of fruit

Question 20

where does pericarp originate from in most cases?

Answer 20

the ovary wall, unless the flower has an inferior ovary (epigynous)

Question 21

what makes a fruit a true fruit?

Answer 21

if the fruit is derived from carpel tissue (ovary)

Question 22

what makes a fruit an accessory fruit?

Answer 22

if it is derived from receptacle tissues (SDS)

Question 23

what is a simple fruit?

Answer 23

a fruit from a single carpel

Question 24

what is an aggregate fruit?

Answer 24

a fruit from multiple carpels, within a single gynoecium, fused

Question 25

what is a multiple fruit?

Answer 25

all individual fruits from an influorescence

Question 26

what makes up the pericarp?

Answer 26

endocarp
mesocarp
exocarp

Question 27

what is a hesperidium?

Answer 27

a berry with a leather rind or exocarp

Question 28

what is the thin white layer in citrus fruits?

Answer 28

mesocarp

Question 29

what is the endocarp in citrus fruits?

Answer 29

the fleshy interior composed of separate sections (carpels), filled with fluid-filled sacs (vesicles)

Question 30

what are vesicles in citrus fruits?

Answer 30

• swollen sacs of cells
• multicellular
• cells partly break down and fill with liquid
• edible pulp of an orange