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AEBI210 > L3, The Plant Cell > Flashcards

L3, The Plant Cell Flashcards

1
Q

plants can produce gametes by …

A

mitosis - unlike animals

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2
Q

what are the three primary features that distinguish a plant from an animal cells

A

plastids, vacuole, cell wall

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3
Q

what are mitochondria and plastids remnants of?

A

endosymbiosis

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4
Q

how many membranes do plastids have?

A

two layers

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5
Q

where are plastids inherited from?

A

the egg cell - maternal inheritance

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6
Q

characteristics of a plastid:

A

they have their own DNA,
semi-autonomous (synthesize some but not all proteins needed for function), cytoplasmic inheritance

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7
Q

what are the common types of plastids

A

chloroplasts, chromoplasts, leucoplasts

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8
Q

what are the sites of photosynthesis

A

thylakoid, stroma, pigments, carotenoids

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9
Q

what are the two main components of the chloroplast

A

thylakoid and grana

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10
Q

what are thylakoids?

A

membrane bound compartment inside the chloroplast, where pigments are embedded in membrane

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11
Q

what are grana?

A

stack of thylakoid membranes, interconnected by stroma thylakoid that act as the light reactions of photosynthesis

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12
Q

what do actin filaments do?

A

connect organelles (chloroplasts) together?

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13
Q

what do myosin molecules do?

A

pull chloroplasts along actin filaments

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14
Q

what is cytoplasmic streaming and how is it induced?

A

flow of the cytoplasm in the cell - induced by changes in temperature, light, and pH

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15
Q

what are chromoplasts?

A

pigmented plastids

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16
Q

what are characteristics of chromoplasts?

A

no chlorophyll, contain carotenoid pigments, shield against UV, attract pollinators/ seed dispersal, protect against biotic attack, several are important vitamins for humans

17
Q

what are leucoplasts?

A

a less differentiated version of the mature plastids - no pigments or internal membranes, and serve as storage organelles

18
Q

where do all plastids come from?

A

proplastids

19
Q

as a tomato ripens, what transforms into what?

A

chloroplasts transform into chromoplasts

20
Q

what pigment do chromoplasts contain?

A

lycopene - red color, nutritionally important

21
Q

what are chloroplasts

A

a complex internal membrane system which consist of thylakoid and grana, and contain chlorophyll and sometimes carotenoids, and function as the site of light reactions of photosynthesis

chloroplasts are the most differentiated of plastids

22
Q

what are chromoplasts?

A

less complex internal membrane system that contain carotenoid pigments

23
Q

what are leucoplasts?

A

plastids that contain no internal membrane structure or pigments, they are the least-differentiated plastid and store starch (amyloplasts) and oils

24
Q

what is the structure of vacuoles?

A

single-membrane tonoplast, filled with cell sap, usually the largest component of the plant cell

25
Q

what are the functions of vacuoles?

A

provide rigidity using turgor and hydrostatic pressure, store nutrients and other chemicals, and break down complex molecules

26
Q

how do vacuoles obtain nutrients and chemicals to be stored for later?

A

contain channels in their membranes (diffusion), transporters, pumps, and vesicle-mediated mode of transport - they acquire their compounds from the cytoplasm and other organelles

27
Q

how is turgor pressure created?

A

by water molecules in the vacuole

28
Q

what kind of pressure do ions and sugars create?

A

osmotic pressure

29
Q

how does nicotine biosynthesis protect tobacco plants?

A

nicotine is exported to the leaf where the chemical is stored in leaf vacuoles. a high concentration develops which deters herbivory

30
Q

what does vacuole storage allow?

A

compartmentalization and quick release upon damage

31
Q

what are pigments in petals linked to?

A

pollination and seed dispersal

32
Q

what pigments do the Calibrachoa flower contain?

A

pink anthocyanins in the petals, orange carotenoids in the petal, and another pigment anthered by saffron

33
Q

what can cause a change in pigment?

A

change in vacuolar pH

34
Q

what flower experiences a pigment change as it grows?

A

japanese morning glory - color changes from buds to flowers. as the flowers grow, the ph increases from 7 to 7.7 (purple to blue)

35
Q

part of breaking down complex molecules in the vacuole includes…

A

recycling organelles

36
Q

recycling organelles in the vacuole of plant cells is known as…

A

autophagy

37
Q

what are two factors that help facilitate autophagy?

A

low pH and catalytic process

38
Q

what are bulbs?

A

short stem with fleshy leaves or leaf bases

function as food storage organs during dormancy

vegetative reproduction depends on this process

39
Q

what are bulb tissues mainly made of?

A

vacuoles

AEBI210 (25 decks)

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