L3, The Plant Cell

Question 1

plants can produce gametes by …

Answer 1

mitosis - unlike animals

Question 2

what are the three primary features that distinguish a plant from an animal cells

Answer 2

plastids, vacuole, cell wall

Question 3

what are mitochondria and plastids remnants of?

Answer 3

endosymbiosis

Question 4

how many membranes do plastids have?

Answer 4

two layers

Question 5

where are plastids inherited from?

Answer 5

the egg cell - maternal inheritance

Question 6

characteristics of a plastid:

Answer 6

they have their own DNA,
semi-autonomous (synthesize some but not all proteins needed for function), cytoplasmic inheritance

Question 7

what are the common types of plastids

Answer 7

chloroplasts, chromoplasts, leucoplasts

Question 8

what are the sites of photosynthesis

Answer 8

thylakoid, stroma, pigments, carotenoids

Question 9

what are the two main components of the chloroplast

Answer 9

thylakoid and grana

Question 10

what are thylakoids?

Answer 10

membrane bound compartment inside the chloroplast, where pigments are embedded in membrane

Question 11

what are grana?

Answer 11

stack of thylakoid membranes, interconnected by stroma thylakoid that act as the light reactions of photosynthesis

Question 12

what do actin filaments do?

Answer 12

connect organelles (chloroplasts) together?

Question 13

what do myosin molecules do?

Answer 13

pull chloroplasts along actin filaments

Question 14

what is cytoplasmic streaming and how is it induced?

Answer 14

flow of the cytoplasm in the cell - induced by changes in temperature, light, and pH

Question 15

what are chromoplasts?

Answer 15

pigmented plastids

Question 16

what are characteristics of chromoplasts?

Answer 16

no chlorophyll, contain carotenoid pigments, shield against UV, attract pollinators/ seed dispersal, protect against biotic attack, several are important vitamins for humans

Question 17

what are leucoplasts?

Answer 17

a less differentiated version of the mature plastids - no pigments or internal membranes, and serve as storage organelles

Question 18

where do all plastids come from?

Answer 18

proplastids

Question 19

as a tomato ripens, what transforms into what?

Answer 19

chloroplasts transform into chromoplasts

Question 20

what pigment do chromoplasts contain?

Answer 20

lycopene - red color, nutritionally important

Question 21

what are chloroplasts

Answer 21

a complex internal membrane system which consist of thylakoid and grana, and contain chlorophyll and sometimes carotenoids, and function as the site of light reactions of photosynthesis

chloroplasts are the most differentiated of plastids

Question 22

what are chromoplasts?

Answer 22

less complex internal membrane system that contain carotenoid pigments

Question 23

what are leucoplasts?

Answer 23

plastids that contain no internal membrane structure or pigments, they are the least-differentiated plastid and store starch (amyloplasts) and oils

Question 24

what is the structure of vacuoles?

Answer 24

single-membrane tonoplast, filled with cell sap, usually the largest component of the plant cell

Question 25

what are the functions of vacuoles?

Answer 25

provide rigidity using turgor and hydrostatic pressure, store nutrients and other chemicals, and break down complex molecules

Question 26

how do vacuoles obtain nutrients and chemicals to be stored for later?

Answer 26

contain channels in their membranes (diffusion), transporters, pumps, and vesicle-mediated mode of transport - they acquire their compounds from the cytoplasm and other organelles

Question 27

how is turgor pressure created?

Answer 27

by water molecules in the vacuole

Question 28

what kind of pressure do ions and sugars create?

Answer 28

osmotic pressure

Question 29

how does nicotine biosynthesis protect tobacco plants?

Answer 29

nicotine is exported to the leaf where the chemical is stored in leaf vacuoles. a high concentration develops which deters herbivory

Question 30

what does vacuole storage allow?

Answer 30

compartmentalization and quick release upon damage

Question 31

what are pigments in petals linked to?

Answer 31

pollination and seed dispersal

Question 32

what pigments do the Calibrachoa flower contain?

Answer 32

pink anthocyanins in the petals, orange carotenoids in the petal, and another pigment anthered by saffron

Question 33

what can cause a change in pigment?

Answer 33

change in vacuolar pH

Question 34

what flower experiences a pigment change as it grows?

Answer 34

japanese morning glory - color changes from buds to flowers. as the flowers grow, the ph increases from 7 to 7.7 (purple to blue)

Question 35

part of breaking down complex molecules in the vacuole includes...

Answer 35

recycling organelles

Question 36

recycling organelles in the vacuole of plant cells is known as...

Answer 36

autophagy

Question 37

what are two factors that help facilitate autophagy?

Answer 37

low pH and catalytic process

Question 38

what are bulbs?

Answer 38

short stem with fleshy leaves or leaf bases function as food storage organs during dormancy vegetative reproduction depends on this process

Question 39

what are bulb tissues mainly made of?

Answer 39

vacuoles