L11, movement in the cells

Question 1

Embryophytes:

Answer 1

a multicellular embryo is housed within a female gametophyte

Question 2

liverworts:

Answer 2

a sister clade to all other plants

Question 3

stomata evolved prior to…

Answer 3

bryophyte divergence, but lost/absent in liverworts

Question 4

what are bryophyta mosses?

Answer 4

main groups of seedless non-vascular plants, have long seta and conducting tissue that resemble vascular plants.
moss sporophytes have stomata

Question 5

what are the two main components of conducting tissue in the seta?

Answer 5

hydroids (water conducting) and leptoids (food-conducting). leptoids act as a sheath that surround the tissue, and the cortex surrounds both the hydroids and leptoids (parenchyma)

Question 6

explain physcomitrella patens:

Answer 6

a true moss, the protonemata (first stage of gametophyte) resembles filamentous green algae. later throughout development, the leafy gametophyte has rhizoids

Question 7

explain peat moss:

Answer 7

gametophyte (green leafy region) with many attached sporophytes (seta with capsules). the leafy region has large dead hyaline cells and elongated living cells. the capsule contains sporangium

Question 8

what are characteristics of anthocerophyta hornworts?

Answer 8

smallest group of anthocerophyta, 300 species, “hornwort” due to hornlike sporophytes, cells of most species have single large chloroplasts with pyrenoid, stomata abundant on sporophytes; no conducting tissue

Question 9

how does water get past the hydrophobic interior of the lipid bilayer?

Answer 9

selective permeability, accomplished by the plasma membrane

Question 10

what are the double membranes in the plant cell?

Answer 10

nucleus, chloroplast, mitochondria

Question 11

what are the single membranes in the plant cell?

Answer 11

vacuole (tonoplast), peroxisome, ER

Question 12

in water potential, greater height =

Answer 12

greater pressure

Question 13

solute =

Answer 13

substances dissolved

Question 14

solvent =

Answer 14

main component of the solution

Question 15

solution =

Answer 15

mix

Question 16

solute and solvent molecules move … until they reach …

Answer 16

randomly
equilibrium

Question 17

diffusion =

Answer 17

movement of solute in the direction of equal distribution

Question 18

water moves selectively from a … to a …

Answer 18

region of higher water potential where there is a lower solute concentration and a higher osmostic potential, to a region of lower water potential and higher solute concentration with a lower osmotic pressure

Question 19

what does diffusion occur down?

Answer 19

a concentration gradient, resulting in the equaling of solute concentrations

Question 20

what is osmostic pressure similar to?

Answer 20

hydrostatic pressure - pressure required to stop water movement resulting from osmosis

Question 21

what can freely diffuse across the membrane?

Answer 21

small gases and uncharged molecules

Question 22

what cannot freely diffuse across the membrane?

Answer 22

molecules that are too large or too polar

Question 23

characteristics of transmembrane proteins?

Answer 23

• single alpha helix
• multipass
• portions on either side are hydrophilic
• helical portions are hydrophobic
• peripheral proteins

Question 24

what are the types of transport across membranes?

Answer 24

simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion (bind specific solute, down gradients), and active transport (solutes against gradient)

Question 25

what are 3 modes of transport for large molecules?

Answer 25

phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor-mediated endocytosis

Question 26

water are the water pathways?

Answer 26

1. apoplastic - outside the plasma membrane of cell, material diffuse freely; between cell walls of adjacent
2. symplastic - along the inner side of the plasma membrane; often via plasmodesmata
3. transcellular - primary/secondary active transport of solutes across cells