Lecture 19 Flashcards
Lecture 19:
What is the key difference between sex & gender in sport?
Sex is biologically determined & gender is culturally determined
- most basic physiological comparisons have established sex differences
Lecture 19:
What is IAAF Policy on Hyperandrogenism?
Policy explains that women must undergo testing if too “masculine”
Lecture 19:
What effect/impact does Testosterone have on Body size & composition?
Testosterone increases bone formation (larger bones)
- increases protein synthesis (larger muscles)
- increases EPO secretion (more red blood cells)
Lecture 19:
What effect/impact does Estrogen have on Body size & composition?
Estrogen increases fat deposition (lipoprotein lipase) & increases fat mass by raising % body fat
- allows for faster, briefer bone growth, causing shorter stature & lower total body mass
Lecture 19:
What is the distinct female fat deposition pattern?
Rapid storage on hips & thighs due to increase lipoprotein lipase activity
Lecture 19:
When discussing female fat deposition patterns, what does a decrease in lipolytic activity lead to?
Decrease in lipolytic activity leads to more difficult regional fat loss
Lecture 19:
When discussing muscle strength differences between sexes; how does upper body strength differ?
Women have a 40-60% weaker upper body compared to men
Lecture 19:
When discussing muscle strength differences between sexes; how does lower body strength differ?
Women have 25-30% weaker lower body muscle strength
Lecture 19:
Why does muscle strength differ between sexes?
Differences occur due to total muscle mass difference & NOT the difference in innate muscle mechanisms
**no sex strength disparity exists when expressed per unit of muscle cross-sectional area
Lecture 19:
What are 3 causes of the upper-body strength disparity between sexes?
1.) women have more muscle mass in their lower body
2.) women use lower body strength more
3.) women may have altered neuromuscular mechanisms? (Women have smaller cross-sectional areas)
Lecture 19:
For the same absolute submaximal workload, how does cardiovascular function differ between sexes?
Men and women have the same cardiac output but women have lower stroke volume & higher heart rates (compensatory) due to having smaller hearts & lower blood volume
Lecture 19:
For the same relative submaximal workload, how does cardiovascular function differ between sexes?
Women have slightly higher HR, lower Stroke Volume, & lower cardiac output; thus having lower O2 consumption
Lecture 19:
How do women compensate for their lower hemoglobin levels?
Women compensate via increased O2 difference (at sub-maximal intensity)
- lower hemoglobin causes lower oxidative potential
Lectrue 19:
Why do sex differences occur in respiratory function?
- differnce between relative & absolute workloads?
Occur due to differences in lung volume & body size
- similar breathing frequency at same relative workload but women’s frequency increases at same absolute workload
Lecture 19:
Do men or women have higher VO2 max?
Women’s VO2max < men’s VO2 max (women’s smaller)
Lecture 19:
Why is the untrained sex comparison unfair?
Because there are typically more sedentary non athlete women than men and more relatively active non athlete males, thus the comparison is more gender influenced than sex based
Lectrue 19:
Why is the trained sex comparison better than untrained?
Because sexes have similar levels of conditions & truer sex-specific differences, excluding the influence of gender
Lecture 19:
What are some other body variables that VO2max can be scalable to other than sex?
Height, weight, FFM, & limb volume all influence VO2max as well
- sex differences is minimized/gone with scaling to other variables
Lecture 19:
What is women’s VO2max limited by?
VO2max limited by womens lower hemoglobin & lower cardiac output
- SV limited by heart size & plasma volume
Lecture 19:
What are the sex differences in lactate threshold?
Peak lactate concentrations are lower in women
- lactate threshold occurs at same % of VO2 max
Lecture 19:
Is there a sex difference in body composition changes between men and women?
Body composition changes = same in men & women as both experience decreased total body mass, fat mass, and % body fat with exercise & increases FFM
Lecture 19:
Is connective tissue injury related to sex?
There is no sex differences between connective tissue injuries
Lecture 19:
What are 2 strength gain differences in women vs men?
- less muscle hypertrophy in women
- neural mechanisms are more important for women
Lecture 19:
Are VO2max changes sex specific?
VO2max changes are not sex specific, changes are ~ 15-25% increase for all sexes based on intensity, duration, & frequency of training
Lecture 19:
What are 6 special issues that relate to sex differences in exercise?
1.) Menstruation/menstrual dysfunction
2.) pregnancy
3.) bone health
4.) eating disorders
5.) female athlete triad
6.) menopause
Lecture 19:
How does menstruation impact exercise when looking at sex differences?
- no data indicated to alter athletic performance across menstrual phases
- no physiological differences found in exercise responses
- world records set by women during every menstrual phase
Lecture 19:
What is Menarche & its impact on exercise?
Menarche = first menstrual period
- may be delayed in certain sports & occuras after age 14
Lecture 19:
When discussing menstrual dysfunction… define the following;
- eumenorrhea
- oligomenorrhea
- amenorrhea
Menstrual dysfunction is most common in lean-physique sports & impacts 5-66% of athletes
- Eumenorrhea = normal
- oligomenorrhea = irregular
- amenorrhea (primary, secondary) = absent
Lecture 19:
What is Secondary Amenorrhea caused by & what results from this?
Caused by energy deficit (inadequate caloric intake) & leads to…
- decreases LH pulse frequency
- decreased T3 secretion
- decreases estrogen & progesterone levels
*with adequate caloric intake, exercise will not lead to this
Lecture 19:
What are the 4 pregnancy concerns of exercise?
1.) acute reduction in uterine blood flow (shunt to active muscle) - fetal hypoxia
2.) Fetal hyperthermia from increase in maternal core temperature
3.) maternal CHO usage increases thereby decreasing CHO availability to fetus
4.) Miscarriage & final outcome of pregnancy
Lecture 19:
What are 4 recommendations for pregnant women that pose minimal risks to physical activity?
1.) mild to moderate exercise 3 times per week
2.) no supine exercise after the first trimester
3.) stopping when fatigued
4.) non-weight-bearing exercise preffered
Lecture 19:
What are 3 pros to exercise while pregnant?
Exerice aids weight management, reduces risk of gestational diabetes, & enhances psychological well-being
Lecture 19:
What are a few exercise activities to avoid when pregnant?
- contact sports
- activities with high risk of falling
- scuba diving
- sky diving
- hot yoga
Lecture 19:
When discussing bone health and exercise, compare Ostopenia vs Osteoporosis
Ostopenia = lower than normal bone mineral density level, not low enough to be considered osteoporosis
- risk is greater in women (due to menopause) & slowed by weight bearing exercise
Lecture 19:
What are 4 major Contributing factors of bone health?
1.) estrogen deficiency
2.) inadequate calcium intake
3.) inadequate physical activity
4.) Amenorrhea, anorexia nervous
Lecture 19:
What is Anorexia Nervosa?
The refusal to maintain minimal normal weight due to distorted body image & fear of fatness
- amenorrhea
Lecture 19:
What is Bulimia Nervosa?
Recurrent binge eating followed by purging behaviours (forced vomiting, laxatives, diuretics…)
- lack of control during binges
Lecture 19:
What are some warning signs of Anorexia Nervosa?
- dramatic weight loss
- preoccupation with food, calories, & weight
- baggy or layered clothing
- excessive exercise
- mood swings
- avoiding food-related social activities
Lecture 19:
What are some warning signs of bulimia Nervosa?
- noticeable weight loss or gain
- excessive concern about weight
- bathroom visits after meals
- depression
- strict dieting followed by eating binges
- increased criticism of ones body
Lecture 19:
What is the female athlete triad?
Syndrome of 3 interrelated conditions
- energy deficit leading to secondary amenorrhea & then low bone mass
- 3 disorders occur alone or in combination
- crucial to address early
Lecture 19:
How would you treat the female athlete triad?
Increase caloric intake & decrease activity (in some cases)
Lecture 19:
What age does menopause occur at and what are some symptoms?
Ages 45-5 & symptoms can lower quality of life so exercise recommended to improve mood, decrease depression, & improve sleep
