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Exercise Physiology > Lecture 19 > Flashcards

Lecture 19 Flashcards

1
Q

Lecture 19:

What is the key difference between sex & gender in sport?

A

Sex is biologically determined & gender is culturally determined
- most basic physiological comparisons have established sex differences

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2
Q

Lecture 19:

What is IAAF Policy on Hyperandrogenism?

A

Policy explains that women must undergo testing if too “masculine”

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3
Q

Lecture 19:

What effect/impact does Testosterone have on Body size & composition?

A

Testosterone increases bone formation, producing larger bones & increases protein synthesis, producing larger muscles
- increases EPO secretion which increases red blood cell production (allows more O2 to be carried)

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4
Q

Lecture 19:

What effect/impact does Estrogen have on Body size & composition?

A

Estrogen increases fat deposition (lipoprotein lipase) & increases fat mass by raising % body fat
- allows for faster, briefer bone growth, causing shorter stature & lower total body mass

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5
Q

Lecture 19:

What is the distinct female fat deposition pattern?

A

Rapid storage on hips & thighs due to increase lipoprotein lipase activity

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6
Q

Lecture 19:

When discussing female fat deposition patterns, what does a decrease in lipolytic activity lead to?

A

Decrease in lipolytic activity leads to more difficult regional fat loss

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7
Q

Lecture 19:

When discussing muscle strength differences between sexes; how does upper body strength differ?

A

Women have a 40-60% weaker upper body compared to men

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8
Q

Lecture 19:

When discussing muscle strength differences between sexes; how does lower body strength differ?

A

Women have 25-30% weaker lower body muscle strength

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9
Q

Lecture 19:

Why does muscle strength differ between sexes?

A

Differences occur due to total muscle mass difference & NOT the difference in innate muscle mechanisms
**no sex strength disparity exists when expressed per unit of muscle cross-sectional area

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10
Q

Lecture 19:

What are 3 causes of the upper-body strength disparity between sexes?

A

1.) women have more muscle mass in their lower body
2.) women use lower body strength more
3.) women may have altered neuromuscular mechanisms? (Women have smaller cross-sectional areas)

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11
Q

Lecture 19:

For the same absolute submaximal workload, how does cardiovascular function differ between sexes?

A

Men and women have the same cardiac output but women have lower stroke volume & higher heart rates (compensatory) due to having smaller hearts & lower blood volume

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12
Q

Lecture 19:

For the same relative submaximal workload, how does cardiovascular function differ between sexes?

A

Women have slightly higher HR, lower Stroke Volume, & lower cardiac output; thus having lower O2 consumption

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13
Q

Lecture 19:

How do women compensate for their lower hemoglobin levels?

A

Women compensate via increased O2 difference (at sub-maximal intensity)
- lower hemoglobin causes lower oxidative potential

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14
Q

Lectrue 19:

Why do sex differences occur in respiratory function?
- differnce between relative & absolute workloads?

A

Occur due to differences in lung volume & body size
- similar breathing frequency at same relative workload but women’s frequency increases at same absolute workload

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15
Q

Lecture 19:

Do men or women have higher VO2 max?

A

Women’s VO2max < men’s VO2 max (women’s smaller)

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16
Q

Lecture 19:

Why is the untrained sex comparison unfair?

A

Because there are typically more sedentary non athlete women than men and more relatively active non athlete males, thus the comparison is more gender influenced than sex based

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17
Q

Lectrue 19:

Why is the trained sex comparison better than untrained?

A

Because sexes have similar levels of conditions & truer sex-specific differences, excluding the influence of gender

18
Q

Lecture 19:

What are some other body variables that VO2max can be scalable to other than sex?

A

Height, weight, FFM, & limb volume all influence VO2max as well
- sex differences is minimized/gone with scaling to other variables

19
Q

Lecture 19:

What is women’s VO2max limited by?

A

VO2max limited by womens lower hemoglobin & lower cardiac output
- SV limited by heart size & plasma volume

20
Q

Lecture 19:

What are the sex differences in lactate threshold?

A

Peak lactate concentrations are lower in women
- lactate threshold occurs at same % of VO2 max

21
Q

Lecture 19:

Is there a sex difference in body composition changes between men and women?

A

Body composition changes = same in men & women as both experience decreased total body mass, fat mass, and % body fat with exercise & increases FFM

22
Q

Lecture 19:

Is connective tissue injury related to sex?

A

There is no sex differences between connective tissue injuries

23
Q

Lecture 19:

What are 2 strength gain differences in women vs men?

A
  • less muscle hypertrophy in women
  • neural mechanisms are more important for women
24
Q

Lecture 19:

Are VO2max changes sex specific?

A

VO2max changes are not sex specific, changes are ~ 15-25% increase for all sexes based on intensity, duration, & frequency of training

25
Q

Lecture 19:

What are 6 special issues that relate to sex differences in exercise?

A

1.) Menstruation/menstrual dysfunction
2.) pregnancy
3.) bone health
4.) eating disorders
5.) female athlete triad
6.) menopause

26
Q

Lecture 19:

How does menstruation impact exercise when looking at sex differences?

A
  • no data indicated to alter athletic performance across menstrual phases
  • no physiological differences found in exercise responses
  • world records set by women during every menstrual phase
27
Q

Lecture 19:

What is Menarche & its impact on exercise?

A

Menarche = first menstrual period
- may be delayed in certain sports & occuras after age 14

28
Q

Lecture 19:

When discussing menstrual dysfunction… define the following;
- eumenorrhea
- oligomenorrhea
- amenorrhea

A

Menstrual dysfunction is most common in lean-physique sports & impacts 5-66% of athletes
- Eumenorrhea = normal
- oligomenorrhea = irregular
- amenorrhea (primary, secondary) = absent

29
Q

Lecture 19:

What is Secondary Amenorrhea caused by & what results from this?

A

Caused by energy deficit (inadequate caloric intake) & leads to…
- decreases LH pulse frequency
- decreased T3 secretion
- decreases estrogen & progesterone levels
*with adequate caloric intake, exercise will not lead to this

30
Q

Lecture 19:

What are the 4 pregnancy concerns of exercise?

A

1.) acute reduction in uterine blood flow (shunt to active muscle) - fetal hypoxia
2.) Fetal hyperthermia from increase in maternal core temperature
3.) maternal CHO usage increases thereby decreasing CHO availability to fetus
4.) Miscarriage & final outcome of pregnancy

31
Q

Lecture 19:

What are 4 recommendations for pregnant women that pose minimal risks to physical activity?

A

1.) mild to moderate exercise 3 times per week
2.) no supine exercise after the first trimester
3.) stopping when fatigued
4.) non-weight-bearing exercise preffered

32
Q

Lecture 19:

What are 3 pros to exercise while pregnant?

A

Exerice aids weight management, reduces risk of gestational diabetes, & enhances psychological well-being

33
Q

Lecture 19:
What are a few exercise activities to avoid when pregnant?

A
  • contact sports
  • activities with high risk of falling
  • scuba diving
  • sky diving
  • hot yoga
34
Q

Lecture 19:

When discussing bone health and exercise, compare Ostopenia vs Osteoporosis

A

Ostopenia = lower than normal bone mineral density level, not low enough to be considered osteoporosis
- risk is greater in women (due to menopause) & slowed by weight bearing exercise

35
Q

Lecture 19:

What are 4 major Contributing factors of bone health?

A

1.) estrogen deficiency
2.) inadequate calcium intake
3.) inadequate physical activity
4.) Amenorrhea, anorexia nervous

36
Q

Lecture 19:

What is Anorexia Nervosa?

A

The refusal to maintain minimal normal weight due to distorted body image & fear of fatness
- amenorrhea

37
Q

Lecture 19:

What is Bulimia Nervosa?

A

Recurrent binge eating followed by purging behaviours (forced vomiting, laxatives, diuretics…)
- lack of control during binges

38
Q

Lecture 19:

What are some warning signs of Anorexia Nervosa?

A
  • dramatic weight loss
  • preoccupation with food, calories, & weight
  • baggy or layered clothing
  • excessive exercise
  • mood swings
  • avoiding food-related social activities
39
Q

Lecture 19:

What are some warning signs of bulimia Nervosa?

A
  • noticeable weight loss or gain
  • excessive concern about weight
  • bathroom visits after meals
  • depression
  • strict dieting followed by eating binges
  • increased criticism of ones body
40
Q

Lecture 19:

What is the female athlete triad?

A

Syndrome of 3 interrelated conditions
- energy deficit leading to secondary amenorrhea & then low bone mass
- 3 disorders occur alone or in combination
- crucial to address early

41
Q

Lecture 19:

How would you treat the female athlete triad?

A

Increase caloric intake & decrease activity (in some cases)

42
Q

Lecture 19:

What age does menopause occur at and what are some symptoms?

A

Ages 45-5 & symptoms can lower quality of life so exercise recommended to improve mood, decrease depression, & improve sleep

Exercise Physiology (12 decks)

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