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Exercise Physiology > Lecture 18 > Flashcards

Lecture 18 Flashcards

1
Q

Lecture 18:

How are active people 50+ different than sedentary peers

A

Adults who are recreationally and competitively engaged in exercise/sport are more fit than their older sedentary peers

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2
Q

Lecture 18:

Why is exercise int into old age an unusual pattern?

A

Because there is a natural tendency to be sedentary when older

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3
Q

Lecture 18:

What is Primary Aging?

A

The idea that we get chronologically get older & that increase in age alone impacts our bodies physiology but also how activity has an influence on it

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4
Q

Lecture 18:

When discussing primary ageing, what are some comorbidities of age?

A
  • looks at cross-sectional vs longitudinal studies

Medical care, diet, & lifestyle factors can be comorbidities

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5
Q

Lecture 18:

What is Selective Mortality?

A

Selective mortality = natural decrease in our population as it gets older & makes it more challenging;longing to study responses of primary aging

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6
Q

Lecture 18:

What happens to height as you age & why?

A

Height decreases with age, around 35-40 years old

Initial decrease caused by compression of intervertebral discs & poor posture but later on (moreso in women) decrease is due to osteopenia & osteoporosis (decreases in bone mineral density)

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7
Q

Lectrue 18:

What happens to weight when you age?

A

1.) Weight increases from 25-45 years old due to decrease in physical activity & increased caloric intake (causes caloric imbalance)
2.) Weight then decreases around 65+ years old due to loss of body mass from decreased appetite (which contributes to muscle atrophy)

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8
Q

Lecture 18:

What happens to body fat %/content with age?

A

Body fat content tends to increase (increases more when sedentary & less when active *variation based on level of activity)
- older athletes decrease body fat content & central adiposity

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9
Q

Lecture 18:’

What happens to fat free mass (FFM) levels with age?
- what age do we see a change?

A

Fat-Free Mass decrease starts around age 40 due to…
- decreased muscle & bone mass
- sarcopenia (protein synthesis decreases as protein content reduced)
- due to lack of activity (in part)
- decreased growth hormone, including-like growth factor 1, etc

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10
Q

Lecture 18:

What happens to bone mineral content with age?

A

Bone mineral content decreases with age as bone resorption > bone synthesis
- this is due to lack of weight-bearing exercise

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11
Q

Lecture 18:

What are 4 body composition variables of aging?

A

1.) body weight
2.) percent body fat
3.) fat mass
4.) fat-free mass (FFM)

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12
Q

Lecture 18:

What are the key age-related changes in body composition that occur with training?
- what allows the biggest results?

A

1.) decreased weight, % body fat, & fat mass
2.) increased FFM (a lot more likely to increase with resistance training than aerobic training)
3.) moreso see this response in men than in women
*biggest results come with caloric restriction diet (500-1000kcal) & exercise

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13
Q

Lecture 18:

When discussing physiological responses to acute exercise with age; what happens to strength & neuromuscular function with age?

A

Strength & neuromuscular function decrease with age Which interferes either activities used for daily living
- occurs at about 50-60 years old & results from decrease in muscle mass

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14
Q

Lecture 18:

How do you offset strength loss with age?

A

Strength decrease is offset by resistance training/exercise

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15
Q

Lecture 18:

When discussing physiological responses to acute exercise with age; what happens to type II muscle fibres?

A

Type II fibre loss occurs with age as we see;
- decrease in type II motor neurons
- type I neurons innervating only type II fibres
- higher % of type I fibres
*training slows or stops fibre-type change (reduces loss of type II)

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16
Q

Lecture 18:

When discussing physiological responses to acute exercise with age; what happens to the size & # of muscle fibres?

A

Size & # of muscle fibres decreases with age
- size of both types decreases
- loss of 10% of fibres per decade after age 50

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17
Q

Lecture 18:

When discussing physiological responses to acute exercise with age; how does endurance training vs resistance training help with decline in muscle mass?

A

1.) endurance training has no impact on decline in muscle mass with age
2.) resistance training decreases muscle atrophy & increases muscle cross-sectional area

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18
Q

Lecture 18:

When discussing physiological responses to acute exercise with age; what happens to reflexes?

A

Reflexes slow with age but exercise preserves reflex response time
- active older people have similar reflexes to young active people

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19
Q

Lecture 18:

When discussing physiological responses to acute exercise with age; what happens to motor unit activation?

A

Motor unit activation decreases with age but exercises allows you to maintain maximal recruitment of muscle
- strength decrease may result from local muscle factors

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20
Q

Lecture 18:

How does exercise maintain muscle physiology?

A

The number of capillaries remains unchanged & oxidative enzyme activity id only slightly reduced

21
Q

Lecture 18:

When discussing physiological responses to acute exercise with age; what happens to mitochondrial function?
- 3 things that are reduced?

A

Mitochondrial function declines with age
- 1.) reduced mitochondrial protein synthesis
- 2.) reduced mitochondrial respiration
- 3.) reduced maximal rate of ATP production

22
Q

Lecture 18:

When discussing physiological responses to acute exercise with age; what does the decrease in mitochondrial function contribute to?
- how can this improve?

A

Decline in mitochondrial function contributes to muscle atrophy
- increased intracellular oxidative stress interferes with myofillament function but may be improved by exercise training

23
Q

Lecture 18:

What happens to central & peripheral cardiovascular abilities with age?

A

Central & peripheral cardiovascular decrements are experienced with age

24
Q

Lecture 18:

When discussing physiological responses to acute exercise with age; what happens to maximal HR?

A

Maximal HR is reduced
- reduction varies considerably but is the same for active & sedentary people
- electrical & receptor changes with age
* changes by about 1bpm per year {HRmax = 208-(0.7 x age)}

25
Q

Lecture 18:

When discussing physiological responses to acute exercise with age; what happens to maximal stroke volume?
- what are a few results of this?

A

Maximal stroke volume decreases with age as the hearts contractility decreases in response to catecholamines
- Frank-starling mechanism partially lost
- Left Ventricle & arterial stiffening
- decline in Stroke Volume max attenuated by exercise

26
Q

Lecture 18:

When discussing physiological responses to acute exercise with age; what happens to VO2 max & why?

A

VO2max decreases with age due to decrease in cardiac max output
- more-so as a result of decreased HR max & less to decreased SV max
- decline in VO2max is slowed by exercise (helps maintain it)

27
Q

Lecture 18:

What does sedentary habits lead to?

A

Lead to increased risk for vascular aging as cardiac and arterial compliance decrease
- endothelial dysfunction & reduces vasodilation will result from sedentary behaviour as well as

28
Q

Lecture 18:

How does exercise help reduce the risk of vascular aging?

A

Exercise reduces the risk of health issues because…
- lowers the amount of arterial stiffening & endothelial dysfunction
- preserves vasodilator signalling
- research on proper exercise amount & cardiovascular benefit still hapening

29
Q

Lecture 18:

What happens to peripheral blood flow with age?

A

Peripheral blood flow decreases with age about 10-15% reduced even with exercise
- occurs due to increased vasoconstriction and decreased vasodilation
- decreased blood flow is compensated for by increased O2 difference

30
Q

Lecture 18:

What happens to respiratory function with sedentary aging?

A

Vital capacity decreases as residual volume increases & total lung capacity is unchanged
- less air exchange occurs
- decreased elasticity of lungs & chest wall with age but exercise capacity not limited

31
Q

Lecture 18:

How is Ventilatory Capacity maintained with age?

A

Ventilatory capacity maintained by exercise
- pulmonary ventilation doesnt limit aerobic capacity & oxygen saturation remains high

32
Q

Lecture 18:

What happens to VO2 max with age?

A

VO2max decreases with aging & decreases in normally active older people as we see a steady decline from 25-75 years

33
Q

Lecture 18:

What percent of your VO2max is lost per year? Per decade?

A

~1% lost per year & ~10% per decade, from ages 25-75

34
Q

Lecture 18:

What happens to VO2max in males in terms of % of decline?

A

1.) 5-6% decline per decade in active adults
2.) 3.6% decline over 25 years in elite athletes
3.) 15% decline per decade in previously active adults

35
Q

Lecture 18:

What key aspect is VO2max decline related to?

A

Decline is related to intensity of training before & during aging

36
Q

Lecture 18:

What are 5 key factors that affect rate of VO2max decline?

A

1.) Genetics
2.) General activity level
3.) Intensity & volume of training
4.) Age-related body composition changes
5.) Age range

37
Q

Lecture 18:

What are some effects resistance training has on strength & aging?

A

Resistance training increases strength via fibre hypertrophy (~30%)& increases cross-sectional area of types I & II (neural adaptations)

38
Q

Lecture 18:

What are the benefits of resistance training in older adults?

A

Increase muscle mass & size, increases bone mineral density, increases activities in daily living, & decreases fall risks

39
Q

Lecture 18:

How does neuromuscular function change with age?

A

Aging reduces ability of the neuromuscular junction to adapt to training

40
Q

Lecture 18:

How does exercise training help mobility with age?

A

Structured moderate physical activity can reduce major mobility disabilities

41
Q

Lecture 18:

How does physical activity improve cognitive function with age?

A

Regular physical activity can delay cognitive decline

42
Q

Lecture 18:

What happens to running performance with age?

A

Running performance decreases with age & rate of decline = dependent on distance
- decline accelerates after 60 years old

43
Q

Lecture 18:

What happens to swimming performance with age?

A

Swimming performance decreases with age & accelerates after 70 years old
- decline is greater in women than men

44
Q

Lecture 18:

What happens to cycling performance with age?

A

Cycling peaks between 25-35 years & speed then decreases by 0.7% per decade

45
Q

Lecture 18:

What happens to weightlifting performance with age?

A

Peaks between 25 & 35 years than sum of lifts declines 1.8% per year

46
Q

Lecture 18:

What are 3 reasons why older people have higher risks of death from hyperthermia?

A

1.) higher core temperature
2.) metabolic heat gain is related to absolute VO2
3.) heat loss is related to relative percent VO2max

47
Q

Lecture 18:

What are 3 ways exercise training improves thermoregulation?

A

1.) improves skin vasodilation (convection)
2.) improves sweat rate (evaporation)
3.) improves redistribution of cardiac output

48
Q

Lecture 18:

Are exercise and longevity related?
- 3 points

A

1.) mild caloric restriction increases longevity
2.) exercise may contribute to caloric balance
3.) exercise leads to compressions of mortality

49
Q

Lecture 18:

What are 3 most common injuries older adults experience from exercise?

A

1.) tendon injury (rotator cuff, Achilles, etc)
2.) cartilage injury (meniscus, focal injuries, etc)
3.) stress fractures

Exercise Physiology (11 decks)

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