Lecture 11 Flashcards
Lecture 11:
What is Cardiorespiratory Endurance?
Ability to sustain prolonged, dynamic exercise
- improvements through multi system adaptations (cardiovascular, respiratory, muscle, & metabolic
Lecture 11:
When discussing endurance training, what 2 things will increase?
1.) increase in maximal exercise a capacity which further increased VO2max
2.) increase in submaximal endurance capacity which lowers HR during submaximal exercise intensity & is more related to competitive endurance
Lecture 11:
What are the 7 Major Cardiovascular Changes that occur diring aerobic training?
- which 2 are central? Which 3 are peripheral?
1.) Heart Size (increases so more blood can pump “athletes heart” - central)
2.) Stroke Volume (more blood pumped per beat - central)
3.) Heart Rate
4.) Cardiac Output
5.) Blood Flow (blood to places that need it most - peripheral)
6.) Blood Volume - peripheral
7.) Red Cell Volume - peripheral
Lecture 11:
What relationships does the Fick Equation discuss?
As VO2max increases…
1.) max stroke volume increases
2.) max HR does not change
3.) max VO2 difference increases as muscles adapt & pick up more O2
* compares amount of blood pushing to tissues vs amount of O2 taken up from that blood
Lecture 11:
When discussing cardiovascular adaptations to aerobic training… what happens to heart size & why?
With training, heart mass and LV volume increase
- the increase in total peripheral resistance leads to cardiac hypertrophy & increased stroke volume
- the increase in plasma volume causes an increase in LV volume, increase in EDV, & increase in SV
Lecture 11:
Explain myocardial hypertrophy
The increase in heart size due to disease or exercise… so physiologists were confused when athletes showed similar adaptations with exercise
- *good in endurance but not in medical sense
*with each beat, more blood can return to heart
Lecture 11:
During training… what happens to SV, plasma volume, LV mass, and resting/submaximal HR?
1.) SV increases after training
2.) plasma volume increases with with training causing an increase in EDV & preload
3.) LV mass increases with training causes increased contraction forces
4.) Resting & Submaximal HR decrease with training which increases filling time & EDV
Lecture 11:
What is the relationship between heart tissues stretch & contraction strength?
As heart tissues increase in stretch, contractions increase in strength
Lecture 11:
Is max SV higher in post-training or Pre-training
Max SV in postraining is greater than the max SV in pre-training
Lecture 11:
What happens to Resting HR in adaptation to aerobic training?
Decreases respectedly (approx 1 bpm per week of training)
- see an increase in parasympathetic heart activity & decrease in sympathetic activity
Lecture 11:
What happens to Submaximal HR in adaptation to aerobic training?
HR decreases for same given absolute intensity
- more noticeable @ higher submaximal intensities
Lecture 11:
What happens to Maximal HR in adaptation to aerobic training?
There is no significant change in max HR from exercise, only age is a factor
- Max HR decreases with age
Lecture 11:
How do SV & HR interact during aerobic training?
HR & SV interact to optimize cardiac output… so increase in SV causes decrease in HR & vice versa
Lecture 11:
HR Recovery - how to improve & an index of what?
HR recovery becomes quicker with training & is an indirect index of Cardiorespiratory fitness
Lecture 11:
What happens to cardiac output (Q) during aerobic training?
There is little to no change @ rest or during submaximal exercise with training
- max Q however, increases considerably due to increased SV
Lecture 11:
What happens to blood flow during aerobic training?
Blood flow is increased to active muscles, therefore decreased to inactive areas of body
Lecture 11:
What happens to capillarization during aerobic training?
Increased capillarization & capillary recruitment
- causing increase capillary-fibre ration & total cross-sectional area for capillary exchange
Lecture 11:
What happens to total blood volume during aerobic training?
Increase in total blood volume to prevent decrease in venous return resulting from more blood in capillaries
Lecture 11:
What happens to Blood Pressure during aerobic training?
- BP decreases @ given submaximal intensity
- @ maximal intensity, systolic BP increases & Diastolic BP decreases
Lecture 11:
What happens to blood volume (& composition) during aerobic training?
Total blood volume increases rapidly
- plasma volume increase (via plasma proteins)
- water & Na+ retention increases (inn first 2 weeks)
- red blood cell volume increases
- plasma viscosity decreases
Lecture 11:
Compare Pre and Post Training blood volume amounts & compositions
Pre Training = 5L (2.8L plasma & 2.2L red blood cells)
- hematocrit = 44%
Post Training = 5.7L (3.3L plasma & 2.4L red blood cells). - hematocrit = 42%
Lecture 11:
When discussing respiratory adaptations to aerobic training, what happens to pulmonary ventilation?
Decreases at given submaximal intensity & increases at maximal intensity due yo increased tidal volume ^ respiratory frequency
Lecture 11:
When discussing respiratory adaptations to aerobic training, what happens to pulmonary diffusion?
It is unchanged @ rest & submaximal intensity but increases @ maximal intensity due to increased lung perfusion
Lecture 11:
When discussing respiratory adaptations to aerobic training, what happens to pulmonary arterial-venous O2 difference?
Increases as O2 extraction increases to support active muscle blood flow
- O2 extraction increases due to increased oxidative capacity
Lecture 11:
When discussing muscle adaptations to aerobic training, what are fibre type adaptations?
Increase in size & # of type I fibres (type II to type I)
- type IIx may perform more like type IIa
Lecture 11:
When discussing muscle adaptations to aerobic training, what are capillary supply adaptations?
of capillaries supplying each fibre increases
*could be a factor in increased VO2max
Lecture 11:
When discussing muscle adaptations to aerobic training, what are Myoglobin adaptations?
Myoglobin content increases form 75% to 80%
- oxidative capacity of muscle increases to support
Lecture 11:
When discussing muscle adaptations to aerobic training, how does the mitochondria & its function adapt?
Size & # of mitochondria increase (magnitude dependent on training volume)
Lecture 11:
When discussing muscle adaptations to aerobic training, how do oxidative enzymes adapt/change?
Enzymes like SDH & citrate synthase increase in activity with training
- increase in enzymes continues even after VO2max plateaus
Lecture 11:
What happens to lactate threshold in response to aerobic training?
Lactate threshold increases to the higher % of VO2max
- decrease in lactate production causes increase in lactate clearance (allows higher intensity without accumulation of lactate)
Lecture 11:
What happens to Respiratory Exchange Ratio (RER) in response to aerobic training?
RER decreases @ absolute & relative submaximal intensities
- increase in RER is dependent on fat & decrease in RER is dependent on glucose
Lecture 11:
What happens to resting VO2 during aerobic training?
Resting VO2 remains unchanged with training
Lecture 11:
What happens to submaximal VO2 during aerobic training?
Submaximal VO2 remains unchanged or decreases slightly with training
Lecture 11:
How does VO2max change during aerobic training?
VO2max is the best indicator of Cardiorespiratory fitness and increases substantially with training (by 15-20%)
- increase is due to increased cardiac output & capillary density
Lecture 11:
What are some long-term improvements of aerobic training?
Highest possible VO2max can be achieves after 12-18months
- performance continues to increase after VO2max plateaus because lactate threshold continues to increase with training
Lecture 11:
What are 3 factors dictating individual responses to aerobic training?
1.) training status
2.) pretraining VO2max
3.) hereditary
Lecture 11:
How does training status/pre-training VO2max influence adaptations of Aerobic training?
Relative improvement of VO2max is dependant on fitness
- more sedentary individuals will see greater increase & more fit individuals will see smaller increase
Lecture 11:
How does heredity influence adaptations of Aerobic training?
Finite VO2max range is determined by genetics & altered within that range through training
Lecture 11:
How does sex influence adaptations of aerobic training?
Untrained females VO2max is lower than untrained male VO2max (men’s is larger)
- trained female VO2max is closer to trained male VO2max
Lecture 11:
What impact does aerobic training have on the ATP-PCr system?
There is little enzymatic change from training but ATP-PCr system-specific training can cause an increase in strength
Lecture 11:
Define HIIT
Time-efficient way to induce many adaptation normally associated with endurance training
Lecture 11:
What impact does specificity of training have on VO2max?
VO2max substantially higher in athletes with sport-specific activities
- due to individual muscle group adaptations
Lecture 11:
What is cross-training? What impact does cross-training have on fitness?
Training of different fitness components at once or training for multiple sports at a time
- strength benefits are blunted by endurance exercises but endurance benefits are not blunted by strength training
