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Exercise Physiology > Lecture 11 > Flashcards

Lecture 11 Flashcards

1
Q

Lecture 11:

What is Cardiorespiratory Endurance?

A

Ability to sustain prolonged, dynamic exercise
- improvements through multi system adaptations (cardiovascular, respiratory, muscle, & metabolic

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2
Q

Lecture 11:

When discussing endurance training, what 2 things will increase?

A

1.) increase in maximal exercise a capacity which further increased VO2max
2.) increase in submaximal endurance capacity which lowers HR during submaximal exercise intensity & is more related to competitive endurance

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3
Q

Lecture 11:

What are the 7 Major Cardiovascular Changes that occur diring aerobic training?
- which 2 are central? Which 3 are peripheral?

A

1.) Heart Size (increases so more blood can pump “athletes heart” - central)
2.) Stroke Volume (more blood pumped per beat - central)
3.) Heart Rate
4.) Cardiac Output
5.) Blood Flow (blood to places that need it most - peripheral)
6.) Blood Volume - peripheral
7.) Red Cell Volume - peripheral

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4
Q

Lecture 11:

What relationships does the Fick Equation discuss?

A

As VO2max increases…
1.) max stroke volume increases
2.) max HR does not change
3.) max VO2 difference increases as muscles adapt & pick up more O2
* compares amount of blood pushing to tissues vs amount of O2 taken up from that blood

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5
Q

Lecture 11:

When discussing cardiovascular adaptations to aerobic training… what happens to heart size & why?

A

With training, heart mass and LV volume increase
- the increase in total peripheral resistance leads to cardiac hypertrophy & increased stroke volume
- the increase in plasma volume causes an increase in LV volume, increase in EDV, & increase in SV

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6
Q

Lecture 11:

Explain myocardial hypertrophy

A

The increase in heart size due to disease or exercise… so physiologists were confused when athletes showed similar adaptations with exercise
- *good in endurance but not in medical sense
*with each beat, more blood can return to heart

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7
Q

Lecture 11:

During training… what happens to SV, plasma volume, LV mass, and resting/submaximal HR?

A

1.) SV increases after training
2.) plasma volume increases with with training causing an increase in EDV & preload
3.) LV mass increases with training causes increased contraction forces
4.) Resting & Submaximal HR decrease with training which increases filling time & EDV

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8
Q

Lecture 11:

What is the relationship between heart tissues stretch & contraction strength?

A

As heart tissues increase in stretch, contractions increase in strength

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9
Q

Lecture 11:

Is max SV higher in post-training or Pre-training

A

Max SV in postraining is greater than the max SV in pre-training

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10
Q

Lecture 11:

What happens to Resting HR in adaptation to aerobic training?

A

Decreases respectedly (approx 1 bpm per week of training)
- see an increase in parasympathetic heart activity & decrease in sympathetic activity

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11
Q

Lecture 11:

What happens to Submaximal HR in adaptation to aerobic training?

A

HR decreases for same given absolute intensity
- more noticeable @ higher submaximal intensities

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12
Q

Lecture 11:

What happens to Maximal HR in adaptation to aerobic training?

A

There is no significant change in max HR from exercise, only age is a factor
- Max HR decreases with age

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13
Q

Lecture 11:

How do SV & HR interact during aerobic training?

A

HR & SV interact to optimize cardiac output… so increase in SV causes decrease in HR & vice versa

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14
Q

Lecture 11:

HR Recovery - how to improve & an index of what?

A

HR recovery becomes quicker with training & is an indirect index of Cardiorespiratory fitness

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15
Q

Lecture 11:

What happens to cardiac output (Q) during aerobic training?

A

There is little to no change @ rest or during submaximal exercise with training
- max Q however, increases considerably due to increased SV

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16
Q

Lecture 11:

What happens to blood flow during aerobic training?

A

Blood flow is increased to active muscles, therefore decreased to inactive areas of body

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17
Q

Lecture 11:

What happens to capillarization during aerobic training?

A

Increased capillarization & capillary recruitment
- causing increase capillary-fibre ration & total cross-sectional area for capillary exchange

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18
Q

Lecture 11:

What happens to total blood volume during aerobic training?

A

Increase in total blood volume to prevent decrease in venous return resulting from more blood in capillaries

19
Q

Lecture 11:

What happens to Blood Pressure during aerobic training?

A
  • BP decreases @ given submaximal intensity
  • @ maximal intensity, systolic BP increases & Diastolic BP decreases
20
Q

Lecture 11:

What happens to blood volume (& composition) during aerobic training?

A

Total blood volume increases rapidly
- plasma volume increase (via plasma proteins)
- water & Na+ retention increases (inn first 2 weeks)
- red blood cell volume increases
- plasma viscosity decreases

21
Q

Lecture 11:

Compare Pre and Post Training blood volume amounts & compositions

A

Pre Training = 5L (2.8L plasma & 2.2L red blood cells)
- hematocrit = 44%
Post Training = 5.7L (3.3L plasma & 2.4L red blood cells). - hematocrit = 42%

22
Q

Lecture 11:

When discussing respiratory adaptations to aerobic training, what happens to pulmonary ventilation?

A

Decreases at given submaximal intensity & increases at maximal intensity due yo increased tidal volume ^ respiratory frequency

23
Q

Lecture 11:

When discussing respiratory adaptations to aerobic training, what happens to pulmonary diffusion?

A

It is unchanged @ rest & submaximal intensity but increases @ maximal intensity due to increased lung perfusion

24
Q

Lecture 11:

When discussing respiratory adaptations to aerobic training, what happens to pulmonary arterial-venous O2 difference?

A

Increases as O2 extraction increases to support active muscle blood flow
- O2 extraction increases due to increased oxidative capacity

25
Q

Lecture 11:

When discussing muscle adaptations to aerobic training, what are fibre type adaptations?

A
26
Q

Lecture 11:

When discussing muscle adaptations to aerobic training, what are fibre type adaptations?

A

Increase in size & # of type I fibres (type II to type I)
- type IIx may perform more like type IIa

27
Q

Lecture 11:

When discussing muscle adaptations to aerobic training, what are capillary supply adaptations?

A

of capillaries supplying each fibre increases

*could be a factor in increased VO2max

28
Q

Lecture 11:

When discussing muscle adaptations to aerobic training, what are Myoglobin adaptations?

A

Myoglobin content increases form 75% to 80%
- oxidative capacity of muscle increases to support

29
Q

Lecture 11:

When discussing muscle adaptations to aerobic training, how does the mitochondria & its function adapt?

A

Size & # of mitochondria increase (magnitude dependent on training volume)

30
Q

Lecture 11:

When discussing muscle adaptations to aerobic training, how do oxidative enzymes adapt/change?

A

Enzymes like SDH & citrate synthase increase in activity with training
- increase in enzymes continues even after VO2max plateaus

31
Q

Lecture 11:

What happens to lactate threshold in response to aerobic training?

A

Lactate threshold increases to the higher % of VO2max
- decrease in lactate production causes increase in lactate clearance (allows higher intensity without accumulation of lactate)

32
Q

Lecture 11:

What happens to Respiratory Exchange Ratio (RER) in response to aerobic training?

A

RER decreases @ absolute & relative submaximal intensities
- increase in RER is dependent on fat & decrease in RER is dependent on glucose

33
Q

Lecture 11:

What happens to resting VO2 during aerobic training?

A

Resting VO2 remains unchanged with training

34
Q

Lecture 11:

What happens to submaximal VO2 during aerobic training?

A

Submaximal VO2 remains unchanged or decreases slightly with training

35
Q

Lecture 11:

How does VO2max change during aerobic training?

A

VO2max is the best indicator of Cardiorespiratory fitness and increases substantially with training (by 15-20%)
- increase is due to increased cardiac output & capillary density

36
Q

Lecture 11:

What are some long-term improvements of aerobic training?

A

Highest possible VO2max can be achieves after 12-18months
- performance continues to increase after VO2max plateaus because lactate threshold continues to increase with training

37
Q

Lecture 11:

What are 3 factors dictating individual responses to aerobic training?

A

1.) training status
2.) pretraining VO2max
3.) hereditary

38
Q

Lecture 11:

How does training status/pre-training VO2max influence adaptations of Aerobic training?

A

Relative improvement of VO2max is dependant on fitness
- more sedentary individuals will see greater increase & more fit individuals will see smaller increase

39
Q

Lecture 11:

How does heredity influence adaptations of Aerobic training?

A

Finite VO2max range is determined by genetics & altered within that range through training

40
Q

Lecture 11:

How does sex influence adaptations of aerobic training?

A

Untrained females VO2max is lower than untrained male VO2max (men’s is larger)
- trained female VO2max is closer to trained male VO2max

41
Q

Lecture 11:

What impact does aerobic training have on the ATP-PCr system?

A

There is little enzymatic change from training but ATP-PCr system-specific training can cause an increase in strength

42
Q

Lecture 11:

Define HIIT

A

Time-efficient way to induce many adaptation normally associated with endurance training

43
Q

Lecture 11:

What impact does specificity of training have on VO2max?

A

VO2max substantially higher in athletes with sport-specific activities
- due to individual muscle group adaptations

44
Q

Lecture 11:

What is cross-training? What impact does cross-training have on fitness?

A

Training of different fitness components at once or training for multiple sports at a time
- strength benefits are blunted by endurance exercises but endurance benefits are not blunted by strength training

Exercise Physiology (11 decks)

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