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Exercise Physiology > Lecture 16 > Flashcards

Lecture 16 Flashcards

1
Q

Lecture 16:

What are Ergogenic Aids vs Ergolytic Aids?

A

Ergogenic aids are work-producing substances whereas ergolytic aids are work-decreasing substances

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2
Q

Lecture 16:

What is the Placebo effect of Ergogenic Aids?

A

Physiological response is affected by the expectations and improvements are not attributed solely to substance

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3
Q

Lecture 16:

What are a few factors that limit the research of ergogenic aids?

A

1.) small effects missed by studies
2.) equipment inaccuracy
3.) research variability
4.) testing situations (lab vs field)
5.) reliance on supplement label that is inaccurate

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4
Q

Lecture 16:

From weak to strong, what is some evidence in support of improved performance due to ergogenic aids?

A

1.) anecdotes, observations, opinions, editorials
2.) case studies
3.) observational studies (cross-sectional, case control, cohort studies)
4.) randomized controlled crossover trials
5.) meta-analyses systematic review

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5
Q

Lecture 16:

When discussing established ergogenic aids, what are the proposed benefits of bicarbonate loading?

A

1.) increased blood pH & buffering capacity
2.) delayed onset of anaerobic fatigue

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6
Q

Lecture 16:

When discussing established ergogenic aids, what are the demonstrated effects of bicarbonate loading?

A

1.) 300mg/kg leads to all-out performance for 1-7min
2.) enhanced H+ removal from muscle fibres

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7
Q

Lecture 16:

When discussing established ergogenic aids, what are the risks of bicarbonate loading?

A
  • GI discomfort (bloating, cramping)
  • sodium citrate = similar results without risks
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8
Q

Lecture 16:

When discussing established ergogenic aids, what are the proposed benefits of beta-Alanine loading?

A

Increased intracellular buffering

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9
Q

Lecture 16:

When discussing established ergogenic aids, what are the demonstrated effects of beta-Alanine loading?

A

Increased muscle cell carnosine levels

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10
Q

Lecture 16:

When discussing established ergogenic aids, what are the risks of beta-Alanine loading?

A

Parenthesia - tingling of skin

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11
Q

Lecture 16:

When discussing established ergogenic aids, what are the proposed benefits of Leucine Consumption?

A

Stimulates protein synthesis

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12
Q

Lecture 16:

When discussing established ergogenic aids, what are the demonstrated effects of Leucine Consumption?

A

Stimulates mTOR which initiates production of new muscle proteins

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13
Q

Lecture 16:

When discussing established ergogenic aids, what are the risks of Leucine Consumption?

A

Little to no risk

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14
Q

Lecture 16:

When discussing established ergogenic aids, what is Caffeine and what are the proposed benefits of Caffeine?

A

Caffeine = CNS stimulant & has sympathomimetric effects like those of amphetamines (but weaker)
~ Proposed benefits: increased alertness & concentration, improved energy levels, & faster response

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15
Q

Lecture 16:

When discussing established ergogenic aids, what are the demonstrated effects of Caffeine?

A
  • elevated mood
  • decreased fatigue
  • lowered perception of effort
  • increased fat metabolism
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16
Q

Lecture 16:

When discussing established ergogenic aids, what are the risks of Caffeine?

A

Nervousness, tremors, insomnia (disruption of normal sleep patterns), & addictive

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17
Q

Lecture 16:

When discussing established ergogenic aids, what are the proposed benefits of Creatine?

A
  • enhanced pea power production during intense exercise
  • improved recovery from high-intensity exercise
  • enhanced muscle mass & strength
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18
Q

Lecture 16:

When discussing established ergogenic aids, what are the demonstrated effects of Creatine?

A
  • Increased muscle PCr content
  • enhanced performances in high-power exercise
  • strength gains when combined with resistance training
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19
Q

Lecture 16:

When discussing established ergogenic aids, what are the risks of Creatine?

A

Short-term weight gain

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20
Q

Lecture 16:

When discussing established ergogenic aids, why is performance improvement of creative not guaranteed?

A
  • true benefits are exceeded by expectations
  • performanc enhancement more likely in sports with brief, highly-intense exercise
  • individual variability in response
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21
Q

Lecture 16:

When discussing established ergogenic aids, what are the proposed benefits of Nitrate?
- provide an example of nitrate supplement

A

Increased delivery of O2 & nutrients to activate skeletal muscle
- eg; beet juice

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22
Q

Lecture 16:

When discussing established ergogenic aids, what are the demonstrated effects of Nitrate?

A
  • improved time to exhaustion
  • reduced O2 consumption
  • reduced systolic blood pressure
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23
Q

Lecture 16:

When discussing established ergogenic aids, what are the risks of Nitrate?

A

Adverse effects in people taking medications that affect NO metabolism

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24
Q

Lecture 16:

When discussing established ergogenic aids, what are the proposed benefits of consuming Tart Cherry Juice?

A

Pain reduction from anti-inflammatory & antioxidant properties

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25
Q

Lecture 16:

When discussing established ergogenic aids, what are the demonstrated effects of consuming Tart Cherry Juice?

A

Lessens extent of muscle damage, blunts muscle soreness, & speeds recovery

26
Q

Lecture 16:

When discussing established ergogenic aids, what are the risks of consuming Tart Cherry Juice?

A

Not currently known

27
Q

Lecture 16:

When discussing established ergogenic aids, what are the proposed benefits of Carnitine?

A
  • Transports fatty acids from sarcoplasm to mitochondria
  • Decreases fatty acid oxidation
  • Buffering ability to reduce production of lactic acid
28
Q

Lecture 16:

When discussing established ergogenic aids, what are the demonstrated effects of Carnitine?

A

Reduced muscle damage, enhanced muscle blood flow, increased muscle mass

29
Q

Lecture 16:

When discussing established ergogenic aids, what are the risks of Carnitine?

A

GI discomfort (bloating, cramping, etc)

30
Q

Lecture 16:

When discussing established ergogenic aids, what are the proposed benefits of Collagen?

A

Reduced pain, improved recovery time, & strengthened connective tissue

31
Q

Lecture 16:

When discussing established ergogenic aids, what are the demonstrated effects of Collagen?

A
  • increased muscle strength
  • lean body mass & reduced fat mass
  • improvements in bone mineral density
32
Q

Lecture 16:

When discussing established ergogenic aids, what are the risks of Collagen?

A

Minimal risk from collagen

33
Q

Lecture 16:

As per the World Anti-Doping Code, when is a substance considered for the Prohibited Substance list?

A

If the substance meets 2/3 of the criteria below;
1.) has the potential to enhance sport performance
2.) has the potential to harm the athlete
3.) violates the spirit of sport

34
Q

Lecture 16:

What are 3 things you can find under the World Anti-Doping Code?

A

1.) Prohibited Substance List
2.) Therapeutic use exemptions
3.) Banned substances list

35
Q

Lecture 16:

When discussing prohibited substances & contamination of dietary supplements, what is Purity?

A

Purity is at risk as supplement labels may be inaccurate
- contamination could occur (purposely or accidentally)
- athletes using supplements risk penalties for using banned substances

36
Q

Lecture 16:

When discussing prohibited substances & contamination of dietary supplements, what is Potency?

A

A substance that may contain negligible values of the desired substance
- may contain up to 150% of dose listed on label

37
Q

Lecture 16:

What are stimulants also known as?

A

Include amphetamines & related compounds
- also known as sympathomimetic amines

38
Q

Lecture 16:

What are 5 proposed benefits of Stimulants?

A

1.) suppress appetite & boost metabolism
2.) combat fatigue
3.) heighten concentration & alertness
4.) induce sense of indestructibility
5.) improve performance

39
Q

Lecture 16:

What are some of the demonstrated effects of stimulants?

A
  • higher state of arousal causing increased energy, self-confidence, and faster decision-making
  • decreased fatigue
  • increased HR, BP, blood flow, blood glucose, & FFAs
40
Q

Lecture 16:

What are the risks of using stimulants?

A
  • death
  • cardiac arrhythmia
  • addiction (psychological & physiological)
  • side effects: nervousness, anxiety, aggression, insomnia
41
Q

Lecture 16:

What sports have banned anabolic steroid use?

A

All sports have banned use of anabolic steroids

42
Q

Lecture 16:

What are Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids?

A

anabolic-androgenic steroids = male sex hormones

43
Q

Lecture 16:

When discussing prohibited substances; what are the 3 proposed benefits of Anabolic Steroid use?

A

1.) increased muscle mass & strength
2.) reduced fat mass
3.) facilitation of recovery after exhaustive exercise

44
Q

Lecture 16:

When discussing prohibited substances; what are the demonstrated effects of Anabolic Steroid use?

A

1.) increased body mass & fate-free mass (FFM)
2.) increased total body potassium & nitrogen (FFM markers)
3.) increased muscle size & strength
4.) decreased muscle fibre damage after exhaustive lifting

45
Q

Lecture 16:

When discussing prohibited substances; what is the dose threshold for anabolic effects of using Anabolic Steroids?

A

Small douses are ineffective but large, chronic doses are very effective

46
Q

Lecture 16:

When discussing prohibited substances; what are the risks of Anabolic Steroid use in children, women, & men?

A

1.) Children = smaller adult stature when grown up
2.) Women = disrupted menstruation/ovulation & development of masculine sex characteristics
3.) Men = excess estrogen (breast enlargement), testicular atrophy, reduced sperm count, & impotence

47
Q

Lecture 16:

When discussing prohibited substances; what are the general risks for anyone who uses Anabolic Steroids?

A
  • cancer (prostrate, liver)
  • cardiac hypertrophy, cardiomyopathy, heart attack
  • thrombosis, arrhythmia, hypertension
  • decreased HDL & increased LDL
  • personality changes; aggression/violence
48
Q

Lecture 16:

When discussing prohibited substances; what are the proposed benefits of Human Growth Hormone?

A

1.) stimulation of protein & nucleic acid synthesis
2.) stimulation of bone growth (young athletes)
3.) stimulation of IGF-1 synthesis
4.) increase in FFA mobilization & decreased fat mass
5.) increase in blood glucose levels
6.) enhanced healing after injury

49
Q

Lecture 16:

When discussing prohibited substances; what are the demonstrated effects of Human Growth Hormone in older men?

A

Increased FFM & bone density & decreased fat mass

50
Q

Lecture 16:

When discussing prohibited substances; what are the risks of Human Growth Hormone use?

A
  • Acromegaly = skin thickening; soft tissue growth; & broadening of face, hands, & feet
  • enlarged internal organs
  • cardiomyopathy
  • hypertension
  • glucose intolerance (diabetes)
51
Q

Lecture 16:

When discussing prohibited substances; what are the 2 proposed benefits of using Diuretics?

A

1.) temporary weight reduction
2.) dilution of banned substances in urine samples

52
Q

Lecture 16:

When discussing prohibited substances; what are the demonstrated effects of using Diuretics?

A

Significant temporary weight loss & dehydration

53
Q

Lecture 16:

When discussing prohibited substances; what are the risks of using Diuretics?

A

1.) impaired thermoregulation
2.) electrolyte imbalance leading to fatigue, muscle cramping, cardiac arrhythmias, & cardiac arrest

54
Q

Lecture 16:

When discussing prohibited substances; what are the proposed benefits of using b(beta)-blockers?

A

Enhanced physical steadiness & for shooters… more time to aim between heartbeats

55
Q

Lecture 16:

When discussing prohibited substances; what are the demonstrated effects of using b(beta)-blockers?

A

Decreased resting, submaximal, & maximal HR

56
Q

Lecture 16:

When discussing prohibited substances; what are the risks of using b(beta)-blockers?

A

1.) light-headedness from low BP
2.) fatigue & impaired performance
3.) bronchospasm’s (in people with asthma)
4.) hypoglycemia (in people with type II diabetes)

57
Q

Lecture 16:

When discussing prohibited substances/techniques; what is blood doping?
- three ways this is frequently done?

A

Blood doping = any means by which red blood cell count is increased
1.) transfusion of red blood cells
2.) infusions of artificial hemoglobin
3.) use of erythropoietin (EPO) or EPO-stimulating substances

58
Q

Lecture 16:

When discussing prohibited substances/techniques; what are the proposed benefits of blood doping?

A

1.) enhanced oxygen-carrying capacity
2.) improved endurance performance

59
Q

Lecture 16:

When discussing prohibited substances/techniques; what are the demonstrated effects of blood doping?

A
  • increased VO2max (long-term)
  • enhanced endurance performance (short-term)
  • benefits more evident in second half of race
60
Q

Lecture 16:

When discussing prohibited substances/techniques; what are the risks of blood doping?

A

1.) blood too viscous = clotting & heart failure
2.) blood matching complications (when needing donations/transfusions)
3.) exposure to blood borne diseases

Exercise Physiology (11 decks)

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