Lecture 16 Flashcards
Lecture 16:
What are Ergogenic Aids vs Ergolytic Aids?
Ergogenic aids are work-producing substances whereas ergolytic aids are work-decreasing substances
Lecture 16:
What is the Placebo effect of Ergogenic Aids?
Physiological response is affected by the expectations and improvements are not attributed solely to substance
Lecture 16:
What are a few factors that limit the research of ergogenic aids?
1.) small effects missed by studies
2.) equipment inaccuracy
3.) research variability
4.) testing situations (lab vs field)
5.) reliance on supplement label that is inaccurate
Lecture 16:
When discussing established ergogenic aids, what are the proposed benefits of bicarbonate loading?
1.) increased blood pH & buffering capacity
2.) delayed onset of anaerobic fatigue
Lecture 16:
When discussing established ergogenic aids, what are the demonstrated effects of bicarbonate loading?
1.) 300mg/kg leads to all-out performance for 1-7min
2.) enhanced H+ removal from muscle fibres
Lecture 16:
When discussing established ergogenic aids, what are the risks of bicarbonate loading?
- GI discomfort (bloating, cramping)
- sodium citrate = similar results without risks
Lecture 16:
When discussing established ergogenic aids, what are the proposed benefits of beta-Alanine loading?
Increased intracellular buffering
Lecture 16:
When discussing established ergogenic aids, what are the demonstrated effects of beta-Alanine loading?
Increased muscle cell carnosine levels
Lecture 16:
When discussing established ergogenic aids, what are the risks of beta-Alanine loading?
Parenthesia - tingling of skin
Lecture 16:
When discussing established ergogenic aids, what are the proposed benefits of Leucine Consumption?
Stimulates protein synthesis
Lecture 16:
When discussing established ergogenic aids, what are the demonstrated effects of Leucine Consumption?
Stimulates mTOR which initiates production of new muscle proteins
Lecture 16:
When discussing established ergogenic aids, what are the risks of Leucine Consumption?
Little to no risk
Lecture 16:
When discussing established ergogenic aids, what is Caffeine and what are the proposed benefits of Caffeine?
Caffeine = CNS stimulant & has sympathomimetric effects like those of amphetamines (but weaker)
~ Proposed benefits: increased alertness & concentration, improved energy levels, & faster response
Lecture 16:
When discussing established ergogenic aids, what are the demonstrated effects of Caffeine?
- elevated mood
- decreased fatigue
- lowered perception of effort
- increased fat metabolism
Lecture 16:
When discussing established ergogenic aids, what are the risks of Caffeine?
Nervousness, tremors, insomnia (disruption of normal sleep patterns), & addictive
Lecture 16:
When discussing established ergogenic aids, what are the proposed benefits of Creatine?
- enhanced pea power production during intense exercise
- improved recovery from high-intensity exercise
- enhanced muscle mass & strength
Lecture 16:
When discussing established ergogenic aids, what are the demonstrated effects of Creatine?
- Increased muscle PCr content
- enhanced performances in high-power exercise
- strength gains when combined with resistance training
Lecture 16:
When discussing established ergogenic aids, what are the risks of Creatine?
Short-term weight gain
Lecture 16:
When discussing established ergogenic aids, why is performance improvement of creative not guaranteed?
- true benefits are exceeded by expectations
- performanc enhancement more likely in sports with brief, highly-intense exercise
- individual variability in response
Lecture 16:
When discussing established ergogenic aids, what are the proposed benefits of Nitrate?
- provide an example of nitrate supplement
Increased delivery of O2 & nutrients to activate skeletal muscle
- eg; beet juice
Lecture 16:
When discussing established ergogenic aids, what are the demonstrated effects of Nitrate?
- improved time to exhaustion
- reduced O2 consumption
- reduced systolic blood pressure
Lecture 16:
When discussing established ergogenic aids, what are the risks of Nitrate?
Adverse effects in people taking medications that affect NO metabolism
Lecture 16:
When discussing established ergogenic aids, what are the proposed benefits of consuming Tart Cherry Juice?
Pain reduction from anti-inflammatory & antioxidant properties
Lecture 16:
When discussing established ergogenic aids, what are the demonstrated effects of consuming Tart Cherry Juice?
Lessens extent of muscle damage, blunts muscle soreness, & speeds recovery
Lecture 16:
When discussing established ergogenic aids, what are the risks of consuming Tart Cherry Juice?
Not currently known
Lecture 16:
When discussing established ergogenic aids, what are the proposed benefits of Carnitine?
- Transports fatty acids from sarcoplasm to mitochondria
- Decreases fatty acid oxidation
- Buffering ability to reduce production of lactic acid
Lecture 16:
When discussing established ergogenic aids, what are the demonstrated effects of Carnitine?
Reduced muscle damage, enhanced muscle blood flow, increased muscle mass
Lecture 16:
When discussing established ergogenic aids, what are the risks of Carnitine?
GI discomfort (bloating, cramping, etc)
Lecture 16:
When discussing established ergogenic aids, what are the proposed benefits of Collagen?
Reduced pain, improved recovery time, & strengthened connective tissue
Lecture 16:
When discussing established ergogenic aids, what are the demonstrated effects of Collagen?
- increased muscle strength
- lean body mass & reduced fat mass
- improvements in bone mineral density
Lecture 16:
When discussing established ergogenic aids, what are the risks of Collagen?
Minimal risk from collagen
Lecture 16:
As per the World Anti-Doping Code, when is a substance considered for the Prohibited Substance list?
If the substance meets 2/3 of the criteria below;
1.) has the potential to enhance sport performance
2.) has the potential to harm the athlete
3.) violates the spirit of sport
Lecture 16:
What are 3 things you can find under the World Anti-Doping Code?
1.) Prohibited Substance List
2.) Therapeutic use exemptions
3.) Banned substances list
Lecture 16:
When discussing prohibited substances & contamination of dietary supplements, what is Purity?
Purity is at risk as supplement labels may be inaccurate
- contamination could occur (purposely or accidentally)
- athletes using supplements risk penalties for using banned substances
Lecture 16:
When discussing prohibited substances & contamination of dietary supplements, what is Potency?
A substance that may contain negligible values of the desired substance
- may contain up to 150% of dose listed on label
Lecture 16:
What are stimulants also known as?
Include amphetamines & related compounds
- also known as sympathomimetic amines
Lecture 16:
What are 5 proposed benefits of Stimulants?
1.) suppress appetite & boost metabolism
2.) combat fatigue
3.) heighten concentration & alertness
4.) induce sense of indestructibility
5.) improve performance
Lecture 16:
What are some of the demonstrated effects of stimulants?
- higher state of arousal causing increased energy, self-confidence, and faster decision-making
- decreased fatigue
- increased HR, BP, blood flow, blood glucose, & FFAs
Lecture 16:
What are the risks of using stimulants?
- death
- cardiac arrhythmia
- addiction (psychological & physiological)
- side effects: nervousness, anxiety, aggression, insomnia
Lecture 16:
What sports have banned anabolic steroid use?
All sports have banned use of anabolic steroids
Lecture 16:
What are Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids?
anabolic-androgenic steroids = male sex hormones
Lecture 16:
When discussing prohibited substances; what are the 3 proposed benefits of Anabolic Steroid use?
1.) increased muscle mass & strength
2.) reduced fat mass
3.) facilitation of recovery after exhaustive exercise
Lecture 16:
When discussing prohibited substances; what are the demonstrated effects of Anabolic Steroid use?
1.) increased body mass & fate-free mass (FFM)
2.) increased total body potassium & nitrogen (FFM markers)
3.) increased muscle size & strength
4.) decreased muscle fibre damage after exhaustive lifting
Lecture 16:
When discussing prohibited substances; what is the dose threshold for anabolic effects of using Anabolic Steroids?
Small douses are ineffective but large, chronic doses are very effective
Lecture 16:
When discussing prohibited substances; what are the risks of Anabolic Steroid use in children, women, & men?
1.) Children = smaller adult stature when grown up
2.) Women = disrupted menstruation/ovulation & development of masculine sex characteristics
3.) Men = excess estrogen (breast enlargement), testicular atrophy, reduced sperm count, & impotence
Lecture 16:
When discussing prohibited substances; what are the general risks for anyone who uses Anabolic Steroids?
- cancer (prostrate, liver)
- cardiac hypertrophy, cardiomyopathy, heart attack
- thrombosis, arrhythmia, hypertension
- decreased HDL & increased LDL
- personality changes; aggression/violence
Lecture 16:
When discussing prohibited substances; what are the proposed benefits of Human Growth Hormone?
1.) stimulation of protein & nucleic acid synthesis
2.) stimulation of bone growth (young athletes)
3.) stimulation of IGF-1 synthesis
4.) increase in FFA mobilization & decreased fat mass
5.) increase in blood glucose levels
6.) enhanced healing after injury
Lecture 16:
When discussing prohibited substances; what are the demonstrated effects of Human Growth Hormone in older men?
Increased FFM & bone density & decreased fat mass
Lecture 16:
When discussing prohibited substances; what are the risks of Human Growth Hormone use?
- Acromegaly = skin thickening; soft tissue growth; & broadening of face, hands, & feet
- enlarged internal organs
- cardiomyopathy
- hypertension
- glucose intolerance (diabetes)
Lecture 16:
When discussing prohibited substances; what are the 2 proposed benefits of using Diuretics?
1.) temporary weight reduction
2.) dilution of banned substances in urine samples
Lecture 16:
When discussing prohibited substances; what are the demonstrated effects of using Diuretics?
Significant temporary weight loss & dehydration
Lecture 16:
When discussing prohibited substances; what are the risks of using Diuretics?
1.) impaired thermoregulation
2.) electrolyte imbalance leading to fatigue, muscle cramping, cardiac arrhythmias, & cardiac arrest
Lecture 16:
When discussing prohibited substances; what are the proposed benefits of using b(beta)-blockers?
Enhanced physical steadiness & for shooters… more time to aim between heartbeats
Lecture 16:
When discussing prohibited substances; what are the demonstrated effects of using b(beta)-blockers?
Decreased resting, submaximal, & maximal HR
Lecture 16:
When discussing prohibited substances; what are the risks of using b(beta)-blockers?
1.) light-headedness from low BP
2.) fatigue & impaired performance
3.) bronchospasm’s (in people with asthma)
4.) hypoglycemia (in people with type II diabetes)
Lecture 16:
When discussing prohibited substances/techniques; what is blood doping?
- three ways this is frequently done?
Blood doping = any means by which red blood cell count is increased
1.) transfusion of red blood cells
2.) infusions of artificial hemoglobin
3.) use of erythropoietin (EPO) or EPO-stimulating substances
Lecture 16:
When discussing prohibited substances/techniques; what are the proposed benefits of blood doping?
1.) enhanced oxygen-carrying capacity
2.) improved endurance performance
Lecture 16:
When discussing prohibited substances/techniques; what are the demonstrated effects of blood doping?
- increased VO2max (long-term)
- enhanced endurance performance (short-term)
- benefits more evident in second half of race
Lecture 16:
When discussing prohibited substances/techniques; what are the risks of blood doping?
1.) blood too viscous = clotting & heart failure
2.) blood matching complications (when needing donations/transfusions)
3.) exposure to blood borne diseases