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Exercise Physiology > Lecture 17 > Flashcards

Lecture 17 Flashcards

1
Q

Lecture 17:

Define Growth

A

The increase in size of body or part of body

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2
Q

Lecture 17:

What are 2 ways development occurs?

A

1.) differentiation - tissues becoming more specialized in their functions as we age/mature
2.) functional changes

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3
Q

Lecture 17:

What is Maturation & 3 key ways it occurs?

A

The process of the body taking adult form (occurs @ different rates for everyone)
1.) chronological age
2.) skeletal age
3.) stage of sexual maturation (larger spikes in sex hormones)

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4
Q

Lecture 17:

When does development and maturation occur for infancy?

A

The full first year of life

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5
Q

Lecture 17:

What is the childhood development range?

A

First birthday to puberty

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6
Q

Lecture 17:

When discussing development/maturation, what is puberty?

A

Development of secondary sex characteristics

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7
Q

Lecture 17:

What is the adolescence development range?

A

From puberty to growth completion

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8
Q

Lecture 17:

Discuss the rate of change in heath and weight for the following age groups:
- 0-2years, 2years to before puberty, puberty onset, & mid puberty - late teens

A

1.) 0-2 years = fast growth in height/weight
2.) 2 - before puberty = slow
3.) puberty onset = fast
4.) mid puberty - late teens = slow

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9
Q

Lecture 17:

Do height and weight changes occur at the same time?

A

No, height & weight change is not synchronized

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10
Q

Lecture 17:

At what age is height change fastest in girls? In boys?

A

Height change is fastest in 12y girls & 14y boys

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11
Q

Lecture 17:

At what age is weight change fastest in girls? In boys?

A

Weight change fastest in 12.5y girls & 14.5y boys

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12
Q

Lecture 17:

When discussing bone ossification from fetus to adulthood; what happens to the growth plate?

A

Cartilage lines bone to bone & once growth plate is closed than ossification is complete

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13
Q

Lecture 17:

What is growth plate closure stimulated by?
- what age is ossification completed at in girls vs boys

A

Growth plate closure stimulated by estrogen
- girls have full bone maturity in mid teens vs boys who have full bone maturity in late teens or early 20’s

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14
Q

Lecture 17:

What is the importance of Calcium for growth 7 development?

A

Calcium is essential for bone health
- increase in bone mineral density occurs with increased consumption of calcium
- decrease chances of osteoporosis in later life when consuming adequate calcium

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15
Q

Lecture 17:

Muscle mass steadily increases with weight; what % of body weight is muscle mass @ birth?

A

25% of body weight is muscle mass at birth

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16
Q

Lecture 17:

What % of body weight is muscle mass in young women?

A

30-35% of body weight = muscle mass in young women (due to estrogen)

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17
Q

Lecture 17:

What % of body weight is muscle mass in young men?

A

40-45% body weight = muscle mass in young men (due to testosterone levels)

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18
Q

Lecture 17:

AT what age do girls and boys reach their peak % muscle mass?

A

1.) Girls reach peak muscle mass % @ 16-20 years
2.) Boys reach peak muscle mass % @ 18-25 years

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19
Q

Lecture 17:

What does fibre hypertrophy lead to?

A

Increased muscle mass

20
Q

Lecture 17:

What are 3 factors affecting amount of fat deposits?

A

1.) Diet - changeable
2.) Exercise Habits - changeable
3.) Heredity - not changeable

21
Q

Lecture 17:

When discussing changes in % body fat with age; what % @ birth? What % when physical;;y mature (women vs men)?

A
  • Birth = 10-12% body fat
  • Physically Mature Women = 25%
  • Physically Mature Men = 15%
22
Q

Lecture 17:

What happens during neurological development in childhood?

A

1.) balance, agility, & coordination improve
2.) ongoing myelination of nerves & brain helps increase strength which helps improve the above 3 things

23
Q

Lecture 17:

What age does strength & muscle increase in women? In men?

A

Strength increases as muscle mass increases with age
- women peaks at ~20yrs
- men peak at 20-30yrs

24
Q

Lecture 17:

What does strength, power, & skill require?

A

All 3 require myelination

25
Q

Lecture 17:

What does peak performance in youth require?
- what age for boys vs girls

A

Peak performance requires neural maturity
- boys experienced marked change at ~12 years
- girls experienced more gradual, linear changes

26
Q

Lecture 17:

What are resting & submaximal blood pressures like in youth?

A

Resting and submaximal blood pressure in youth is lower than in adults (related to body size) as they have smaller hearts & lower peripheral resistance during exercise

27
Q

Lecture 17:

What is the resting and submaximal stroke volume & heart rate in children compared to adults?

A

Youth have lower SV due to smaller heart & lower blood volume and have higher HR to compensate for low SV
- slightly lower cardiac output than an adult
- O2 difference increases to compensate further

28
Q

Lecture 17:

Compare Max HR & SV in children to adults? Is it higher or lower?

A

Max HR in children is higher than in adults but max stroke volume is lower in children than in adults

29
Q

Lecture 17:

What is the difference in max cardiac output in children compared to adults?

A

Max cardiac output is lower in children which limits performance due to lowered O2 delivery
- not a serious limitation for relative workloads

30
Q

Lecture 17:

Why are Cardiorespiratory changes important for children doing acute exercise?

A

Cardiorespiratory changes during exercise accommodate muscles’ need for O2

31
Q

Lecture 17:

What are some key Cardiorespiratory changes that occur with age?

A

VO2max L/min increased with age (boys & girls)
- VO2max in ml/kg/min is steady with age in boys but decreases with age in girls
- L/min more appropriate representation during growth year

32
Q

Lecture 17:

How can you scale VO2max data/measurements for size?

A

Since VO2max differs from absolute values we can reduce the effect of body size on data by using body surface area or weight to the 0.75 power

33
Q

Lecture 17:

Compare children’s economy of effort to that of an adult

A

Children’s economy of effort is worse than an adults
- O2 consumption per kg in children is greater than adults
- with age, skills will improve & strides will lengthen

34
Q

Lecture 17:

What happens to endurance running pace with age & why?

A

Endurance running pace increases with age purely resulting from economy of effort
- increases regardless of VO2 max changes & training status

35
Q

Lecture 17:

Why is the glycolytic capacity lower in a child than an adult?

A

Lower glycolytic capacity in muscles due to… less muscle glycogen, less glycolytic enzyme activity, lower blood lactate levels, & increase in mean/peak power with age

36
Q

Lecture 17:

What are 3 key endocrine responses that children experience during acute exercise?

A

1.) surge in exercising growth hormone & insulin-like growth factor increases more than in adults
2.) children are hypoglycemia at exercise onset
3.) children have immature liver glycogenolytic systems

37
Q

Lecture 17:

What are the different substrates children rely more on compared to adults, during acute exercise?

A

Children are more reliant on fat oxidation and have higher exogenous glucose use compared to adults

38
Q

Lecture 17:

What are 4 key ways in which children’s training needs differ from adults?

A

1.) body composition
2.) strength
3.) maximal oxygen consumption
4.) anaerobic capacity

39
Q

Lecture 17:

When discussing physiological adaptations to exercise training, how do children’s body weights & compositions change with exercise?

A

Children’s response to physical training is similar to adult responses
- training in children leads to decreased body weight & fat mass and increased FFM
- significant bone growth occurs in children

40
Q

Lecture 17:

Is weight lifting safe & beneficial for children?
- explain how

A

Weightlifting is safe & beneficial when prescribed & supervised as injury risk is low
- weight training protects against injury
- strength gains in children only occur through neural mechanisms (no hypertrophy) whereas adult gains are both

41
Q

Lecture 17:

What are some physiological adaptations children experience with aerobic training?
- in adolescents?

A

Children experiences little to no change in VO2 max but performance increases due to improved running economy
- adolescents have more marked change in VO2 max (likely due to increase in heart size & SV)

42
Q

Lecture 17:

What are 3 key physiological adaptations/effects of anaerobic training in children?

A

1.) increased resting PCr, ATP, & glycogen levels
2.) increased phosphofructokinase (PFK) activity
3.) increased maximal blood lactate level/threshold

43
Q

Lecture 17:

How does thermal stress differ in children vs adults & how does it influence children’s exercise?

A

There is an increased surface area-mass ratio in children and decreased evaporative heat loss (lowered sweat levels) in children
- slower heat acclimation in children but slow to cool down
- greater conductive heat loss & gain

44
Q

Lecture 17:

How does exercise influence growth with training?

A
  • exercise has little or no negative effect on height
  • training affects body weight & body composition (with intensity)
  • exercise does not affect peak height velocity nor rate of skeletal maturation
45
Q

Lecture 17:

What effect does training have on maturation?

A

Effects on markers of sexual maturation are less clear

Exercise Physiology (11 decks)

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