Lecture 18: Basal Ganglia Flashcards
What are components of the basal ganglia?
Caudate Putamen Globus Pallidus Subthalamic nucleus Substantia nigra Nucleus Accumbens Ventral pallidum (Substantia Innominata)
Where is substantia nigra found?
Midbrain
What are the two parts of substantia nigra?
Pars reticulata
Pars compacta
What makes up the striatum?
Caudate Nucleus
Putamen
What makes up lenticular nucleus?
Putamen
Globus Pallidus
What makes up dorsal basal nucleus?
Caudate Nucleus
Putamen
Globus Pallidus
What make up ventral striatum?
Nucleus Acumbens
Olfactory Nucleus
What makes up ventral pallidum?
Substantia Innominata
What makes up paleostriatum?
Globus Pallidus
What makes up striatal complex?
Caudate Nucleus
Putamen
Nucleus Accumbens
Olfactory Nucleus
What makes up palladial complex?
Globus Pallidus
Substantia Innominata
What is the anterior limb of internal capsule between?
Caudate nucleus and putamen
What is the posterior limb of internal capsule between?
Thalamus and putamen
What structures are involved with controlling facial, limb, and trunk musculature?
Cerebral Cortex: Motor areas
Input Nuclei: Putamen
Output Nuclei: Globus Pallidus - Internal
Thalamic Nuclei: Ventral anterior and Ventral lateral
What structures are involved with controlling saccadic eye movements?
Cerebral Cortex: Eye fields
Input Nuclei: Body of Caudate Nucleus
Output Nuclei: Substantia Nigra - Pars Reticulata
Thalamic Nuclei: Ventral anterior and Medial dorsal
What structures are involved with controlling cognition and executive behavioral functions?
Cerebral Cortex: Parietal and Temporal Lobe
Input Nuclei: Head of Caudate Nucleus
Output Nuclei: Substantia Nigra - Pars Reticulata
Thalamic Nuclei: Ventral anterior and Medial dorsal
What structures are involved with controlling the regulation of behavior and emotions?
Cerebral Cortex: Temporal Lobe + Hippocampal Formation
Input Nuclei: Nucleus Accumbens
Output Nuclei: Ventral Pallidum (Substantia Innominata)
Thalamic Nuclei: Ventral anterior and Medial dorsal
What causes Parkinson’s Disease?
Substantia nigra doesn’t release enough dopamine, affecting walking, speech, and facial expressions
Not enough movement!
What are symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease?
Classic Triad: pill-rolling tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia Hypokinesia Postular Instability Dementia Visual Impairments
What can cause Parkinsonian Syndrome?
Head Trauma Designer Drug MPTOP CO and Manganese poisoning Wilson Disease Encephalitis Lethargica Dopamine blocking drugs
What causes Huntington’s Disease?
Autosomal dominant disorder that causes degeneration of neurons in the striatum, leading to decreased GABA
What are some symptoms of Huntington’s Disease?
Involuntary, jerky, and rapid movements Dementia Unsteady gait Slurred Speech Depression
What causes ballismus?
Lesions of contralateral subthalamic nucleus that can cause flailing movement of the whole extremity
What is chorea?
Spontaneous, rapid, jerky, involuntary movements
What are the symptoms of acute rheumatic fever?
Use JONES Criteria
- Arthritis
- Heart issue (carditis)
- Subcutaneous nodules
- Erythema marginatum
- Sydenhma’s chorea
What are symptoms of athetosis?
Movements are writhing or snake-like
Where can athetosis be seen with?
Dopamine blocking drugs
Hypoxic ischemic injury
What is Writer’s Cramp (Focal Dystonia)?
Persistence or fixing of posture at the extreme of an athetoid movement
-In extremities or trunk
