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Year 1: 06. Neuro Exam 2 > Lecture 17: Cerebellum > Flashcards

Lecture 17: Cerebellum Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A
  • Coordinating movements
  • Maintaining posture
  • Motor learning
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2
Q

What are the four deep cerebellar nuclei?

A
  • Dentate Nucleus
  • Emboliform Nucleus
  • Globose Nucleus
  • Fastigial Nucleus
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3
Q

How is the grey matter in the cerebellum organized?

A
  • Molecular Layer
  • Purkinje Layer
  • Granular Layer
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4
Q

What layer of grey matter contains the cell bodies of basket cells and stellate cells?

A

Molecular layer

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5
Q

What efferent fibers are from the cerebellar cortex?

A

Purkinje fibers

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6
Q

What is the deepest layer of grey matter?

What cells does it contain?

A

Granular layer

Contains granule cells and a few Golgi cells

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7
Q

Most gray matter neurons tend to be ____ and use the NT ____, except for granule cells.

A

Inhibitory

GABA

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8
Q

What nuclei are inhibited by Purkinje cells?

A

Cerebellar and vestibular nuclei

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9
Q

Which neurons in the gray matter of the cerebellum are the smallest?

What NT does it use?

A

Granule cells

Glutamate: only excitatory neurons!

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10
Q

What grey matter cells synapse with Purkinje cells?

What is their action?

A

Stellate cells and basket cells from molecular layer

Inhibits Purkinje cells

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11
Q

What are the afferent fibers in the gray matter?

What is their general action?

A

Climbing fibers and mossy fibers

Excitatory

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12
Q

Where do the gray matter afferents send collateral branches?

A

Deep cerebellar nuclei and own receptors

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13
Q

Where do the climbing fibers arise from?

A

Inferior olive of the medulla

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14
Q

What cells do the climbing fibers synapse with?

What information does it convey?

A

Excitatory influence on Purkinje cells

Conveys information about movement errors

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15
Q

Where do mossy fibers come from?

A

Almost everywhere

  • Spinal Cord
  • Reticular Formation
  • Vestibular formation
  • Pontine nuclei
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16
Q

What do mossy fibers synapse with?

A

Granulocytes

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17
Q

What information do the mossy fibers convey to the cerebellum?

A
  • Somatosensory
  • Arousal
  • Equilibrium
  • Cerebral cortex motor
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18
Q

What is the anatomic name of the vestibulocerebellum?

A

Flocculonodular lobe

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19
Q

What is the function of the vestibulocerebellum?

A
  • Influence eye movement
  • Influence postural muscles of head and body in relation to gravity
  • Balance and equilibrium
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20
Q

What information is transmitted to the flocculonodoluar lobe?

Where does it send information to?

A

Receives information from vestibular receptors and visual areas

Sends ouput to vestibular nuclei

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21
Q

What is the functional name for the vermis and paravermal region of the cerebellum?

A

Spinocerebellum

22
Q

What part of the spinocerebellum is associated with the medial upper motor neurons?

A

Vermis

Postural muscles of trunk

23
Q

What part of the spinocerebellum is associated with the lateral upper motor neurons?

A

Paravermal region

  • Moving limbs*
  • Gait and station*
24
Q

What is the function of the vermis and paravermal region?

A

Control ongoing movement via brainstem descending tracts

Monitors gait and station

25
Q

What information is conveyed to the spinocerebellum?

A

To Vermis: Somatosensory, visual, auditory, and vestibular information

To Paravermis: Somatosensory information

26
Q

What is the functional name of the lateral hemispheres of the cerebellum?

A

Pontocerebellum/Cerebrocerebellum

27
Q

What is the function of the cerebrocerebellum?

A

Coordination of planned, timed, voluntary movements

Fine movements for fractionation

28
Q

Where does the Cerebrocerebellum get its informaion from?

Where does it send this information to?

A

Input: Cerebral cortex via pontine nuclei

Output: Motor and Premotor cortex

29
Q

The dorsal Nucleus of Clark is found at what spinal levels?

A

C8-L2

30
Q

What do the restiform and juxtarestiform bodies comprise?

A

Inferior cerebellar peduncle

  • Restiform: posterior spinocerebellar*
  • Juxtarestiform: cuneocerebellar*
31
Q

Which cerebellar tracts carries unconscious proprioception from the lower limb?

A

Anterior and posterior spinocerebellar tracts

32
Q

Where does the first order neuron of the posterior spinocerebellar tract enter, ascend through, and then synapse?

A

DRG –> Gracile fasciculus –> Nucleus dorsalis of Clark (C8-L2) –> Restiform Body –> Cerebellum

33
Q

What do the axons of the cuneocerebellar tract carry?

A

Unconscious proprioception from the upper limb

34
Q

Where do the first order neurons of the cuneocerebellar tract enter, ascend, and then synapse?

A

Enter via DRG –> Ascend in cuneate fasciculus –> Synapse in accessory/external/lateral cuneate nucleus (lower medulla) –> Juxtarestiform Body –> Cerebellum

35
Q

What is the path of the anterior spinocerebellar tract?

A
  1. Lamina of dorsal horn
  2. Crosses Anterior White Commissure to contralateral side
  3. Ascends through Anterior spinocerebellar tract
  4. Enters cerebellum through superior cerebellar peduncle
  5. Crosses back to ipsilateral side
36
Q

Where do the posterior spinocerebellar and cuneocerebellar tracts enter the cerebellum?

A

Inferior cerebellar peduncle

37
Q

Afferents from what enter the cerebellar cortex via the middle cerebellar peduncle?

A

Pontine Nuclei

38
Q

Afferents from what structures enter the cerebellar cortex via the inferior cerebellar peduncle?

A

Inferior olive

Spinal cord

Vestibular nuclei

39
Q

The efferents of the deep cerebellar nuclei mainly pass through what structure?

A

Superior cerebellar peduncle

40
Q

What are the interposed nuclei?

A

Globose and Emboliform nuclei

41
Q

Where would the lesion be if the patient was unable to tandem walk?

A

Vestibulocerebellum

(Also probably spinocerebellum)

42
Q

Patient is seen sitting in his bed, appears to be shaking and is unable to sit still. Upon examination, he has nystagmus and is unable to walk with one foot in front of the other. Where is his lesion?

A

Vestibulocerebellum

43
Q

Disease in what structures can cause midline ataxia?

A

Vestibulocerebellum

Spinocerebellum

44
Q

Patient is asked to walk around the room and appears to have a wide stance and staggering gait. Normal eye exam and has normal speech. Where is his lesion?

A

Spinocerebellum

45
Q

What is dysdiadochokinesia?

A

Inability to rapidly alternate movements

46
Q

What is dysmetria?

A

Inability to accurately move an intended distance

47
Q

What is an action tremor?

A

Intention tremor: shaking of the limb during voluntary movement, especially at the end of the movement

48
Q

Upon a patient examination, he tells you the history with slow, poorly articulated speech. He is unable to rapidly flip his hands back and forth, and appears shaky when touching his nose and then your finger. What disorder is this? Where is the lesion located?

A

Appendicular ataxia

Cerebrocerebellum

49
Q

A positive Romberg test with eyes open and closed is indicative of what disorder?

A

Cerebellar ataxia

50
Q

What is the difference between cerebellar and sensory ataxia?

A

Cerebellar: normal vibration, proprioception, and ankle reflexes, + romberg with both eyes open and closed

Sensory: abnormal vibration, proprioception, ankle reflexes, +romberg only with eyes closed

51
Q

How do you test vestibulocerebellum and spinocerebellum?

A

Station

Walking

Tandem gait

52
Q

How do you test cerebrocerebellum?

A

Rapid alternating movements

Finger-to-nose

Toe-to-finger

Heel-to-shin

Rebound and check reflex

Speech

Year 1: 06. Neuro Exam 2 (28 decks)

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