DSA (Karius) Flashcards
The location in the brain that makes the NT is the location of the ______.
Cell bodies
Where is norepinephrine found?
Primary: Locus Coeruleus in the pons
Can be found in other pontine and medullary areas
Where is epinephrine found?
Medulla
What is the precursor of epinephrine and norepinephrine
Tyrosine –> Dopamine
What moves epinephrine and norepinephrine into vesicles?
VMAT1 and VMAT2
What blocks epinephrine and norepinephrine into vesicles?
Reserpine
Where is dopamine produced?
Substantia Nigra
Where is dopamine found in the brain?
Basal ganglia
Hypothalamus
Limbic system
Where is serotonin produced?
Raphe Nuclei in brainstem
Where is serotonin found in the brain?
Hypothalamus
Limbic system
Cerebellum
What is the precursor of serotonin?
Tryptophan
What does the receptor 5HT3 for?
Area Postrema (Vomiting)
What does the receptor 5HT6 for?
Anti-Depressant effect
Where is histamine found?
Tuberomammillary nucleus of Hypothalamus
Where is acetylcholine found?
Midbrain (basal ganglia) and pons
What is the function of acetylcholine?
Wakefulness and Motor Control
What are the two major inhibitory amino acids?
GABA and Glycine
Where is GABA more commonly found?
Higher levels of CNS
Can be found in spinal cord, but limited
What is the function of GABA?
Consciousness
Motor Control
Vision
How is GABA removed from the synapse?
GAT1: picks up GABA on presynaptic terminal and repackages it into vesicle
GAT2: GABA converted to glutamine, released into ECF, and recycled into GABA
Where is glycine more commonly found
Major: Spinal cord
Also can be found in brainstem and higher levels of medulla
What are examples of purines?
ATP
ADP
Adenosine
Where are purines found?
Everywhere in CNS! Especially cortex, cerebellum hippocampus, and basal ganglia
What do P1 receptors do?
Sleep induction and general inhibition of neural function
What do P2X and P2Y receptors do?
Learning, memory, and modification of locomotor pathways
Opioids include what peptides?
Endorphins
Enkephalins
Dynorphins
Nociceptin
Where are opioids located?
Basal Ganglia
Hypothalamus
Pons/Medulla
What is the function of opioids?
Modification of nociceptive inputs
Mood/Affect
What happens when Mu opioid receptors are activated?
Analgesia (inability to feel pain) Respiratory depression Euphoria Constipation Sedation
What happens when Kappa opioid receptors are activated?
Analgesia (inability to feel pain)
Dysphoria ( generalized dissatisfaction)
Diuresis (increased production of urine)
Miosis (constriction of the pupil)
What happens when Delta opioid receptors are activated?
Analgesia (inability to feel pain)
Where are endocannabinoids found?
Basal Ganglia
Cortex
Spinal Cord
What are the function of endocannabinoids?
Neuroprotection
Mood
Nociception
Where are endocannabinoids derived from?
Membrane lipids: arachidonic acids
What does the CB1 receptor do?
Reduces EAA and GABA release
What does the CB2 receptor do?
Responds to injury or inflammation
What are the two excitatory amino acids?
Glutamate and Aspartate
Where are excitatory amino acids found?
Everywhere in CNS
What is there an influx of when NMDA receptors are activated?
Calcium
What is a mandatory co-agonist of NMDA receptors?
Glycine
What normally blocks NMDA channels at resting membrane potential?
Magnesium
PCP
What are the two types of non-NMDA receptors?
AMPA
Kainate
What is there an influx of when AMPA receptors are activated?
Sodium
How does benzodiazepines influence AMPA receptors?
Reduce sodium flow
What is there an influx of when Kainate receptors are activated?
Sodium and Calcium
How do NMDA receptors produce an EPSP?
Step 1: Non-NMDA receptors are activated, leading to a regular EPSP
Step 2: This EPSP dislodges the Magnesium
Step 3: Calcium influx through NMDA receptor activates longer than normal EPSP
What do NMDA receptors play a role in?
Short and Long Term memory formation
How are EAA actions limited?
Step 1: EAA is taken up by glial cell
Step 2: EAA is converted to glutamine, making it inactive
Step 3: Glutamine returns to pre-synaptic neuron and its converted back into EAA
NMDA creates what potential harmful substance?
Nitric Oxide
How is nitric oxide created and released?
Step 1: Influx of calcium binds to calcineurin in NMDA receptors
Step 2: Activation of NOS
Step 3: Arginine cleaves NOS into NO and Citrulline
Step 4: NO is extremely lipid soluble and goes back to pre-synaptic neuron
What is the neural function of NO?
Long term potentiation in hippocampus and cerebellum
What is the immunological role of NO?
Produced by macrophages due to its toxicity
What is the cardiovascular role of NO?
Vasodilation
Relaxation of smooth muscle
What can NO produce that is toxic to neurons?
Free radicals
