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Year 1: 06. Neuro Exam 2 > DSA (Karius) > Flashcards

DSA (Karius) Flashcards

1
Q

The location in the brain that makes the NT is the location of the ______.

A

Cell bodies

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2
Q

Where is norepinephrine found?

A

Primary: Locus Coeruleus in the pons

Can be found in other pontine and medullary areas

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3
Q

Where is epinephrine found?

A

Medulla

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4
Q

What is the precursor of epinephrine and norepinephrine

A

Tyrosine –> Dopamine

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5
Q

What moves epinephrine and norepinephrine into vesicles?

A

VMAT1 and VMAT2

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6
Q

What blocks epinephrine and norepinephrine into vesicles?

A

Reserpine

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7
Q

Where is dopamine produced?

A

Substantia Nigra

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8
Q

Where is dopamine found in the brain?

A

Basal ganglia
Hypothalamus
Limbic system

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9
Q

Where is serotonin produced?

A

Raphe Nuclei in brainstem

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10
Q

Where is serotonin found in the brain?

A

Hypothalamus
Limbic system
Cerebellum

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11
Q

What is the precursor of serotonin?

A

Tryptophan

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12
Q

What does the receptor 5HT3 for?

A

Area Postrema (Vomiting)

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13
Q

What does the receptor 5HT6 for?

A

Anti-Depressant effect

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14
Q

Where is histamine found?

A

Tuberomammillary nucleus of Hypothalamus

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15
Q

Where is acetylcholine found?

A

Midbrain (basal ganglia) and pons

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16
Q

What is the function of acetylcholine?

A

Wakefulness and Motor Control

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17
Q

What are the two major inhibitory amino acids?

A

GABA and Glycine

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18
Q

Where is GABA more commonly found?

A

Higher levels of CNS

Can be found in spinal cord, but limited

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19
Q

What is the function of GABA?

A

Consciousness
Motor Control
Vision

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20
Q

How is GABA removed from the synapse?

A

GAT1: picks up GABA on presynaptic terminal and repackages it into vesicle
GAT2: GABA converted to glutamine, released into ECF, and recycled into GABA

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21
Q

Where is glycine more commonly found

A

Major: Spinal cord

Also can be found in brainstem and higher levels of medulla

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22
Q

What are examples of purines?

A

ATP
ADP
Adenosine

23
Q

Where are purines found?

A

Everywhere in CNS! Especially cortex, cerebellum hippocampus, and basal ganglia

24
Q

What do P1 receptors do?

A

Sleep induction and general inhibition of neural function

25
Q

What do P2X and P2Y receptors do?

A

Learning, memory, and modification of locomotor pathways

26
Q

Opioids include what peptides?

A

Endorphins
Enkephalins
Dynorphins
Nociceptin

27
Q

Where are opioids located?

A

Basal Ganglia
Hypothalamus
Pons/Medulla

28
Q

What is the function of opioids?

A

Modification of nociceptive inputs

Mood/Affect

29
Q

What happens when Mu opioid receptors are activated?

A 
Analgesia (inability to feel pain)
Respiratory depression
Euphoria
Constipation
Sedation
30
Q

What happens when Kappa opioid receptors are activated?

A

Analgesia (inability to feel pain)
Dysphoria ( generalized dissatisfaction)
Diuresis (increased production of urine)
Miosis (constriction of the pupil)

31
Q

What happens when Delta opioid receptors are activated?

A

Analgesia (inability to feel pain)

32
Q

Where are endocannabinoids found?

A

Basal Ganglia
Cortex
Spinal Cord

33
Q

What are the function of endocannabinoids?

A

Neuroprotection
Mood
Nociception

34
Q

Where are endocannabinoids derived from?

A

Membrane lipids: arachidonic acids

35
Q

What does the CB1 receptor do?

A

Reduces EAA and GABA release

36
Q

What does the CB2 receptor do?

A

Responds to injury or inflammation

37
Q

What are the two excitatory amino acids?

A

Glutamate and Aspartate

38
Q

Where are excitatory amino acids found?

A

Everywhere in CNS

39
Q

What is there an influx of when NMDA receptors are activated?

A

Calcium

40
Q

What is a mandatory co-agonist of NMDA receptors?

A

Glycine

41
Q

What normally blocks NMDA channels at resting membrane potential?

A

Magnesium

PCP

42
Q

What are the two types of non-NMDA receptors?

A

AMPA

Kainate

43
Q

What is there an influx of when AMPA receptors are activated?

A

Sodium

44
Q

How does benzodiazepines influence AMPA receptors?

A

Reduce sodium flow

45
Q

What is there an influx of when Kainate receptors are activated?

A

Sodium and Calcium

46
Q

How do NMDA receptors produce an EPSP?

A

Step 1: Non-NMDA receptors are activated, leading to a regular EPSP
Step 2: This EPSP dislodges the Magnesium
Step 3: Calcium influx through NMDA receptor activates longer than normal EPSP

47
Q

What do NMDA receptors play a role in?

A

Short and Long Term memory formation

48
Q

How are EAA actions limited?

A

Step 1: EAA is taken up by glial cell
Step 2: EAA is converted to glutamine, making it inactive
Step 3: Glutamine returns to pre-synaptic neuron and its converted back into EAA

49
Q

NMDA creates what potential harmful substance?

A

Nitric Oxide

50
Q

How is nitric oxide created and released?

A

Step 1: Influx of calcium binds to calcineurin in NMDA receptors
Step 2: Activation of NOS
Step 3: Arginine cleaves NOS into NO and Citrulline
Step 4: NO is extremely lipid soluble and goes back to pre-synaptic neuron

51
Q

What is the neural function of NO?

A

Long term potentiation in hippocampus and cerebellum

52
Q

What is the immunological role of NO?

A

Produced by macrophages due to its toxicity

53
Q

What is the cardiovascular role of NO?

A

Vasodilation

Relaxation of smooth muscle

54
Q

What can NO produce that is toxic to neurons?

A

Free radicals

Year 1: 06. Neuro Exam 2 (28 decks)

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