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Year 1: 06. Neuro Exam 2 > Lecture 11: Sensory Physiology > Flashcards

Lecture 11: Sensory Physiology Flashcards

1
Q 
Sensory Aα
What is its classification of afferent fibers? 
Is the fiber diameter large of small?
What is its conduction velocity?
What receptors does it supply?
A

Ia and Ib
large
80-120 m/s (fast)
Primary muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs

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2
Q

Sensory Aβ
What is its classification of afferent fibers?
What receptors does it supply?

A

II

Secondary muscle spindles, skin mechanoreceptors

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3
Q

Sensory Aδ
What is its classification of afferent fibers?
What receptors does it supply?

A

III

Skin mechanoreceptors, thermal receptors, and nociceptors

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4
Q 
Sensory C
What is its classification of afferent fibers? 
Is the fiber diameter large of small?
What is its conduction velocity?
What receptors does it supply?
A

IV
small
0.5-2 m/s (slow)
Skin mechanoreceptors, thermal receptors, and nociceptors

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5
Q

Motor Aα

What receptors does it supply?

A

Extrafusal skeletal muscle fibers

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6
Q

Motor Aβ

What receptors does it supply?

A

Intrafusal skeletal muscle fibers

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7
Q

Motor B

What receptors does it supply?

A

Preganglionic autonomic fibers

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8
Q

Motor C

What receptors does it supply?

A

Postganglionic autonomic fibers

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9
Q

What does Meissner corpuscle sense?

A

Touch and vibration; flutter and tapping

<100 Hz

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10
Q

Where is Meissner corpuscle located?

A

Glaborous skin

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11
Q

What does Pacinian corpuscle sense?

A

High frequency vibration

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12
Q

Where is Pacinian corpuscle located?

A

Both hairy and glaborous skin

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13
Q

What does Ruffini corpuscle sense?

A

Magnitude and direction of stretch

Touch, pressure, and proprioception

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14
Q

Where is Ruffini corpuscle located?

A

Both hairy and glaborous skin

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15
Q

What does a Merkel cell sense?

A

Pressure

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16
Q

Where is a Merkel cell corpuscle located?

A

Glaborous skin

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17
Q

What does a hair follicle receptor sense?

A

Motion across skin and directionality of that motion

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18
Q

What does a tactile free-nerve ending sense?

A

Pain and temperature

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19
Q

What is two point discrimination?

A

Ability to distinguish between two stimuli applied at a close distance is determined by measuring the minimum distance between the two stimuli

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20
Q

Where is tactile acuity the highest?

Are receptive fields small or large?

A

Fingertips and lips

Small

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21
Q

Where is tactile acuity the lowest?

Are receptive fields small or large?

A

Calf, back, thigh

Large

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22
Q

Where is Somatosensory area 1 located?

A

Post central gyus

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23
Q

What is the function of Somatosensory area 1?

A

Integration of information for position sense, size, and shape discrimination

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24
Q

Where is Somatosensory area 2 located?

A

Wall of Sylvian Fissure

Receives input from S1

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25
Q

What is the function of Somatosensory area 2?

A

Responsible for comparisons between objects, different tactile sensation, and deciding what becomes a memory

26
Q

What is the function of parieto-temporal-occipital association area?

A

High level interpretation of sensory inputs

27
Q

What is the law of projection?

A

Regardless of the place along an afferent pathway that is stimulated, the sensation is perceived to come from the place that the innervation arises.

28
Q

What phenomenon can the law of projection explain?

A

Phantom limb

29
Q

What is pain?

A

An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage.

30
Q

What is nociception?

A

The neural process of encoding noxious stimuli

31
Q

What is hypersensitivity?

A

Increased responsiveness of nociceptive neurons to their normal input, and/or recruitment of a response to normally subthreshold inputs

32
Q

What is hyperaesthesia?

A

Increased sensitivity to stimulation, excluding the special senses

33
Q

What is hyperalgesia?

A

Increased pain from a stimulus that normally provokes pain

34
Q

What is allodynia?

A

Pain due to a stimulus that does not normally provoke pain.

Classic example is the lay of sheets on skin that has been sunburned.

35
Q

What fibers provide precise localization of pain?

A

Aδ

36
Q

What fibers provide pain information?

A

Aδ (sharp localized) and C fibers (dull, throbbing)

37
Q

What are mechanical nociceptors?

A

Response to mechanical forces ranging from moderate pressure with a blunt object to overtly tissue-damaging stimuli

38
Q

What are chemical nociceptors?

A

Response to endogenous or exogenous chemical compounds, such as pro-inflammatory mediators, acids, or capsaicin

39
Q

What are thermal nociceptors?

A

Response to noxious heat and cold will directly activate thermal receptors expressed by nociceptors

40
Q

What is the function of the transient receptor potential (TRP) family of receptor ion channels?

A

Sense a broad range of changing environments in the body tissue: pH, inflammatory mediators, heat, cold, and exogenous chemicals.

41
Q

What does TRPV1 sense?

A

Sensitive to vanilloid compounds, most notably, capsaicin

42
Q

What pain conditions is TRPV1 involved with?

A 
Migraine
Dental pain
Cancer pain
Inflammatory pain
Neuropathic pain
Visceral pain
Osteoarthritis
43
Q

What pain conditions is TRPA1 involved with?

A 
Dermatitis
Chronic itch
Painful bladder syndrome
Migraine
Irritable bowel syndrome
Pancreatitis
44
Q

What activates TRMP8

A

Cold temperatures and agents

45
Q

What happens where there are no pain inputs to the C fibers?

A

Inhibitory interneurons suppress pain pathway

46
Q

What happens when there are pain inputs to the C fiber?

A

C fibers stop the inhibitory interneurons and send a strong signal to brain

47
Q

How can pain be modulated?

A
  1. Aβ fiber is activated and travels to dorsal horn and synapses on an inhibitory neuron, releasing an EAA.
  2. Released glycine inhibits secondary sensory neuron on nociceptive pathway.
48
Q

How are pain signals reduced?

A
  1. Activation of PAG leads to fibers going to Locus Coeruleus (NE) and Raphe nucleus (serotonin)
  2. NE and serotonin released into dorsal horn and activate inhibitory interneurons
  3. Opiates released and activates mu receptors on terminals of C-fibers, reducing nociception
49
Q

What does the theory of central sensitization say?

A
  1. Level of spinal cord, higher brain areas, or both
  2. Reduces threshold of involved neurons to noxious stimuli
  3. Synaptic Plasticity: Persistent stimulation of NMDA receptors and intracellular signaling cascades
  4. Central Inflammation
50
Q

What does the theory of peripheral sensitization say?

A
  1. Inflammation can make nociceptors in injured tissues more sensitive (e.g. Prostaglandins and bradykinin)
  2. Body more sensitive to thermal changes, activating TRPV1
51
Q

What role does the primary sensory cortex play when it comes to the sensory system?

A

Recognizes crude senses

52
Q

What role does the secondary sensory cortex play when it comes to the sensory system?

A

Cognitive interpretation of crude senses

53
Q

What role does the PTO play when it comes to the sensory system?

A

High level integration of many senses

54
Q

What role do the primary and secondary sensory cortices play when it comes to pain?

A

Crude localization

55
Q

What role does the insular cortex play when it comes to pain?

A

Interpretation fo pain

56
Q

What role does the amygdala play when it comes to pain?

A

Emotional component

57
Q

What role does the hypothalamus/medulla play when it comes to pain?

A

Physiologic integration

58
Q

What neuropeptides do peptidergic nociceptors express?

A

Substance P and CGRP

59
Q

What up-regulates neuropeptides?

A

Chronic inflammation

60
Q

What are non-peptidergic nociceptors involved in?

A

Somatic chronic pain (e.g. diabetic neuropathy)

Year 1: 06. Neuro Exam 2 (28 decks)

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