Lecture 1: Gross Brain, Brainstem, and Spinal Cord (Part 2) Flashcards
What structures are included in the diencephalon?
- Thalamus
- Hypothalamus
- Epithalamus
- Subthalamus (controls motor movements)
All sensory information (except olfactory) is relayed through what structure?
Thalamus
What structure does the thalamus relay almost all information to?
Cerebral cortex
Where is the basal nuclei found?
Deep to cerebral cortex (grey matter)
What makes up the basal nuclei?
- Caudate
- Lenticular Nucleus
- Putamen
- Globus Pallidus
What separates the lenticular nuclei from the thalamus and caudate?
Internal Capsule
What is the basal nuclei important for?
Motor movements
What do arcuate fibers do?
White matter structures that connect cortical areas within the same sulci/gyri
What are longitudinal/association fasciculi?
White matter structures that connect cortical areas within the same hemisphere
What do projection tracts do?
White matter structures that connect cortical areas within other body regions
What does the corpus callosum do?
White matter structure that connects the right and left cerebral hemispheress
What does the anterior commissure do?
Where is it found?
White matter structures that connect both temporal lobes, especially the inferior parts
Inferior to the corpus callosum
What are the five groups that make up the internal capsule?
- Anterior Limb
- Genu
- Posterior Limb
- Sublenticular Limb
- Retrolenticular Limb
What are the three subdivisions of the brainstem?
- Midbrain
- Pons
- Medulla
Damage to what structure will cause abnormalities in equilibrium, posture, coordination of voluntary movements?
Cerebellum
What are the ridges of the cerebellum called?
Folia
How do posterior rootlets enter the spinal cord?
How do anterior rootlets leave the spinal cord?
Posterolateral Sulcus
Anterolateral Sulcus
Where in the body will grey matter be external and white matter deep?
Brain
Where in the body will grey matter be deep and white matter external?
Spinal Cord
What is substantia gelatinosa?
Gray matter that caps the posterior horn
What does Lissauer’s tract transmit?
Posterior rootlets to the posterior horn
White Matter between substantia gelatinos and surface of Spinal Cord
What spinal levels is Clark’s nucleus specific to?
Medial surface of the base of the posterior horn in T1-L2
What is the action of Clark’s nucleus?
Sensory Processing
Cerebelllar Feedback
What spinal cord structure contains the cell bodies of lower motor neurons?
Anterior Horn
Control body movements (voluntary and involuntary)
What spinal cord structure contains autonomic neurons?
Intermediate Gray Matter
What is the lateral horn composed of?
Preganglionic sympathetic neurons (T1-L3) from Intermediolateral cell column
Primary afferent and lower motor neurons convey information to/from which nervous system?
CNS
Where do lower motor neurons convey information?
CNS to skeletal muscle
What do second order neurons do?
Relay sginal from primary afferents to CNS target
Can be ipsilateral or contralateral
What do third order neurons do?
Relay sginal from CNS receiver to cortical target
What are examples of ascending tracts?
What do they do?
Name gives big hint!
- Posterior Columns: Ipsilateral proprioceptive, tactile, and vibratory information (body only)
- Spinocerebellar Tract: Motor information
- Anterolateral System: Pain, temperature, and nondiscriminative touch (body only)
What are examples of descending tracts?
What do they do?
Name gives big hint!
- Corticospinal Tract: Volunatry movement
- Vestibulospinal: Neck movement
- Rubrospinal: Excite flexor motor neurons and inhibit extensor neurons
