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Biol 1080 > Lecture 16 week 9 > Flashcards

Lecture 16 week 9 Flashcards

1
Q

What are different types of carbohydrates?

A

Monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides

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2
Q

What are some examples of monosaccharides ?

A

GLucose, fructose, galactose

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3
Q

What are some examples of disaccharides and how are they formed?

A

Sucrose : glucose+fructose
Maltose : glucose +glucose
Lactose : glucose + galactose

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4
Q

What are some examples of polysaccharides and give explanation

A

Starches: from plants
Fibers: indigestible from humans
Glycogen: Stored in muscle and liver of animals

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5
Q

In lactose intolerance:

How are glucose and galactose absorbed?

A

Absorbed by active transport

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6
Q

Lacotse intolerance:

How is fructose absorbed?

A

Absorbed by facilitated transport

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7
Q

How does lactose intolerance occur?

A

Deficiency in lactase enzyme results in lactose intolerance.

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8
Q

Peptide and amino transport:

What is step 1 of this process?

A

Proteins broken down into smaller peptides

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9
Q

Peptide and amino transport:

What is step 2 of this process?

A

Epithelial cells secrete peptidases to break down larger peptides into individual amino acids

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10
Q

Peptide and amino transport:

What is step 3 of this process?

A

Transported throughout body in bloodstream to
produce energy or protein synthesis

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11
Q

Peptide and amino acid transport:

What happens in the stomach regarding protein digestion?

A
  1. Protein chewed and swallowed into the stomach
  2. HCL denatures proteins, unfolding their 3D structure, revelaing polypeptide chain
  3. Enzymatic digestion by pepsin forms shorter polypeptides.
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12
Q

Peptide and amino acid transport:

What happens in the small intestine?

A
  1. In small intestine, trypsin, chymotrypsin and proteases continue enzymatic digestion, forming tripeptides, dipeptides and amino acids
  2. In enterocytes, tripeptides and dipeptides are further broken down into amino acids which are absorbed into the blood
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13
Q

Peptide and amino acid transport:

What happens after proteins broken down by small intestine

A

Enters bloodstream

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14
Q

How are lipids broken down?

A

Mouth (lingual lipase) -> Stomach (gastric lipase) -> small intestine (pancreatic lipase)

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15
Q

When can lipases act on lipids

A

Lipases can only act on lipids when broken down

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16
Q

Where is bile produced and stored

A

Bile is produced in the liver and stored in the gallbladder

17
Q

What does bile do?

A

Aids digestion of lipids through emulsification (large lipid globules broken down and distributed in chyme)

18
Q

Are bile salts hydrophilic or lipophilic?

How and why is it like this?

A

Bile salts are amphipathic

Hydrophilic side interfaces with water and hydrophobic side interfaces with lipids

19
Q

How does lipid absorption and transport occur?

A
  • Absorbed as fatty acids &
    monoglycerides
  • Reassembled into triglycerides &
    packaged as chylomicrons (type
    of lipoprotein)
  • Chylomicrons are too large to
    cross capillary wall – first
    absorbed into lymphatic system
  • Will re-enter circulation through
    thoracic duct near heart
20
Q

The large intestinal phase of digestion and absorption

What is ileal chyme and what does it do?

A

comes in from ileum (via ileocecal valve)
* Any unabsorbed nutrients
* Hormones & chemical messengers
* Soluble fibre
* Insoluble fibre
* Microbes
* Cellular debris
* Excretion products from the liver

21
Q

The Large Intestine (cecum & colon):

What does the colonic epthelium do?

A

Absorbs water and simple ions (sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium)

22
Q

The Large Intestine (cecum & colon):

What do resident microbes digest and absorb? What is produced as the end product?

A

Digest and absorb what chemicals they can in the process of fermentation. Short chain fatty acid produced as end products

23
Q

The Large Intestine (cecum & colon):

What do resident microbes produce? What is the end product?

A

Produces some vitamins as a by product of their metabolism (vitamin K, some B vitamins). Some end products can have hormone like activity.

24
Q

The Large Intestine (cecum & colon):

What do resident microbes produce during their digestion?

A

Produce gases during their digestion and consumption of ileal chyme (carbon dioxide, methane, hydrogen sulfide)

25
Q

The Large Intestine (cecum & colon):

What do newly arriving, live microbes do?

A

Newly-arriving, live microbes (probiotic or other) seek to get a
foothold in the microbial ecosystem & multiply

26
Q

What is hedonic hunger/eating?

A

The drive to eat to obtain pleasure in the absence of an energy deficit

27
Q

What is homeostatic hunger/eating?

A

Increased motivation to eat following depletion of energy stores

Biol 1080 (18 decks)

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