Lecture 11 week 6

Question 1

Which lines of defences are non specific defenses?

Answer 1

1st and 2nd line of defence

Question 2

Which lines of defenses are specific defenses?

Answer 2

3rd line of defence

Question 3

Which lines of defences are innate immune systems, and what does this mean?

Answer 3

1st and 2nd line of defence.

This means that it is natural and does not learn through experience

Question 4

Which lines of defense are an adaptive immune system?

Answer 4

3rd line of defence

Question 5

What is the 1st line of defence?

Answer 5

Physical and chemical surface barriers

Question 6

What is the 2nd line of defence?

Answer 6

internal cellular and chemical defence (if pathogens penetrates barriers)

Question 7

What is the 3rd line of defence?

Answer 7

Immune response if pathogen survives nonspecific, internal defences

Question 8

What are examples of 1st line of defence?

Answer 8

Skin, stomach acid, saliva, urine, respiratory ethelium, gut bacteria

Question 9

How does the 2nd line of defense do its job?

Answer 9

Identifies foreign (non-self) matter, but isn’t specific and doesn’t develop a memory

Question 10

What is cell based defense?

Answer 10

Destruction by phagocytosis

Question 11

What do phagocytes do?

Answer 11

They engulf/digest particles/foreign bodies

Question 12

What are examples of phagocytes and what do they do?

Answer 12

Neutrophils: First on the scene, consume bacteria

Macrophages: Consume almost anything

Question 13

What do non-phagocytes do?

Answer 13

Target pathogens/invade organisms that are too large for phagocytosis

Question 14

What are examples of non - phagocytes and what do they do?

Answer 14

Eosinophils: discharge enzymes that digest target

Natural killer cells: constantly circulate and patrol for non self; release perforin and proteases to destroy cells

Question 15

What is the complement system?

Answer 15

A part of the immune system mad of proteins that amplify immune response.

Enhances the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear microbes and damaged cells from body

Promotes inflammation and attacks the pathogen’s cell membrane

Question 16

Where are proteins for the complement system synthesized?

Answer 16

20+ proteins synthesized mainly in liver

Question 17

In what form are proteins for the complement released?

Answer 17

In inactive form

Question 18

How does complement system become activated?

Answer 18

By polysaccharides on bacteria surface, or antigen/antibody complexes

Question 19

How does the complement system deactivate?

Answer 19

Normally deactivated by native proteins in the blood and the surface of the body’s own cells

Question 20

What does the complement system do?

Answer 20

-Enhances the ability of antibodies & phagocytic cells to clear microbes & damaged cells from the body
-Promotes inflammation and attacks the pathogen’s cell membrane

Question 21

What are the steps of inflammation?

Answer 21

Injured tissue releases chemical signals:

Blood vessels widen
1. Redness – blood flow carries defensive cells & chemicals to damaged tissue, removing toxins
2. Heat – increases the metabolic rate of cells in the injured area to speed healing

Capillaries become more permeable
3. Swelling – fluid containing defensive chemicals, blood-clotting factors, oxygen,
nutrients, & defensive cells seeps into injured area
4. Pain – hampers movement, allowing the injured area to heal

Question 22

Inflammation also occurs in response to …

Answer 22

Tissue damage and stress
* Bruises & torn tissue (acute inflammation)
* Disease states such as arthritis, obesity, etc. (chronic inflammation)

Question 23

Defensive Process - Fever

Answer 23

• Infection leads to
  fever

Question 24

Is parenchymal cells functional or support cells?

Answer 24

Functional

Question 25

What are Parenchymal cells?

Answer 25

• Critical, “functional” portion of the tissue (gland, organ)
• Usually the most prominent cell type in
  terms of mass

Question 26

Are Stromal (non-parenchymal) cells functional or support cells?

Answer 26

Support

Question 27

What do stromal cells do?

Answer 27

• Framework i.e. support parenchymal cells, forming the LSDS

Question 28

Stromal View of the Pancreas

Answer 28

• Support, communication, defense
• Nerves, macrophages, cellular matrix, gap junctions

Question 29

What does LSDS do?

Answer 29

• Local tissue damage by processes that are not due to infectious pathogens
• Normal tissue turnover (cell death, tissue repair & regeneration during wound healing)
• Looks out for appearance of transformed cell populations (cancer)