Lecture 11 week 6 Flashcards
Which lines of defences are non specific defenses?
1st and 2nd line of defence
Which lines of defenses are specific defenses?
3rd line of defence
Which lines of defences are innate immune systems, and what does this mean?
1st and 2nd line of defence.
This means that it is natural and does not learn through experience
Which lines of defense are an adaptive immune system?
3rd line of defence
What is the 1st line of defence?
Physical and chemical surface barriers
What is the 2nd line of defence?
internal cellular and chemical defence (if pathogens penetrates barriers)
What is the 3rd line of defence?
Immune response if pathogen survives nonspecific, internal defences
What are examples of 1st line of defence?
Skin, stomach acid, saliva, urine, respiratory ethelium, gut bacteria
How does the 2nd line of defense do its job?
Identifies foreign (non-self) matter, but isn’t specific and doesn’t develop a memory
What is cell based defense?
Destruction by phagocytosis
What do phagocytes do?
They engulf/digest particles/foreign bodies
What are examples of phagocytes and what do they do?
Neutrophils: First on the scene, consume bacteria
Macrophages: Consume almost anything
What do non-phagocytes do?
Target pathogens/invade organisms that are too large for phagocytosis
What are examples of non - phagocytes and what do they do?
Eosinophils: discharge enzymes that digest target
Natural killer cells: constantly circulate and patrol for non self; release perforin and proteases to destroy cells
What is the complement system?
A part of the immune system mad of proteins that amplify immune response.
Enhances the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear microbes and damaged cells from body
Promotes inflammation and attacks the pathogen’s cell membrane
Where are proteins for the complement system synthesized?
20+ proteins synthesized mainly in liver
In what form are proteins for the complement released?
In inactive form
How does complement system become activated?
By polysaccharides on bacteria surface, or antigen/antibody complexes
How does the complement system deactivate?
Normally deactivated by native proteins in the blood and the surface of the body’s own cells
What does the complement system do?
-Enhances the ability of antibodies & phagocytic cells to clear microbes & damaged cells from the body
-Promotes inflammation and attacks the pathogen’s cell membrane
What are the steps of inflammation?
Injured tissue releases chemical signals:
Blood vessels widen
1. Redness – blood flow carries defensive cells & chemicals to damaged tissue, removing toxins
2. Heat – increases the metabolic rate of cells in the injured area to speed healing
Capillaries become more permeable
3. Swelling – fluid containing defensive chemicals, blood-clotting factors, oxygen,
nutrients, & defensive cells seeps into injured area
4. Pain – hampers movement, allowing the injured area to heal
Inflammation also occurs in response to …
Tissue damage and stress
* Bruises & torn tissue (acute inflammation)
* Disease states such as arthritis, obesity, etc. (chronic inflammation)
Defensive Process - Fever
- Infection leads to
fever
Is parenchymal cells functional or support cells?
Functional
