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Biol 1080 > Lecture 14 week 8 > Flashcards

Lecture 14 week 8 Flashcards

1
Q

What are factors influencing FRS?

A
  • Age
  • HDL-c
  • Total-c
  • SBP
  • Smoking status
  • Diabetes diagnosis
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2
Q

Is the risk of CVD greater in males or females?

A

Males

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3
Q

What is the cardiac cycle?

A
  1. Contraction of atria (atrial systole)
  2. Contraction of ventricles (ventricular systole)
  3. A rest (diastole) where neither chamber is contracting
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4
Q

What is the name for contracted state and which number is this in arterial BP?

A

Systole, and first number (120*/80)

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5
Q

What is the name for the relaxed state and which number is this in arterial BP?

A

diastole, and second number (120/80*)

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6
Q

What do cardiac muscle consist of?

A

Consists of individual cardiomyocytes connected by intercalated discs (gap junctions) working together as a single, functional organ

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7
Q

What are electrical signals propogated by?

A
  1. Nodes
  2. Nerves
  3. Intercalated discs (gap junction)
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8
Q

What does SA (sinoatrial) node do?

A

Where electrical impulses are generated (hearts natural pacemaker)

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9
Q

What does AV (atrioventricular) node do?

A

Connects the electrical systems of the atria and ventricles

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10
Q

What do nerves of the heart include?

A

Bundle of His, Bundle branches, Purkinje fibres

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11
Q

What can miscommunications in the heart lead to ?

A

Arrhythmia

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12
Q

What can abnormal SA node firing result in?

A

Can result in tachycardia (fast), bradycardia (slow)

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13
Q

What can blocks in heart lead to?

A
  • E.g. at the AV node
  • Vary in terms of degree of the blockage
  • Can slow down or prevent signal propagation from atria to ventricles
  • Ventricles can contract independently (Bundle of His, 40 bpm)
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14
Q

What can fibrillations lead to? what are the two types?

A

More serious, occurring when cells depolarize independently
* Atrial fibrillation (A-fib) – a quivering or irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia)
* Ventricular fibrillation (V-fib) – considered most serious cardiac rhythm disturbance

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15
Q

What can neural and endocrine signals control regarding the heart?

A

Controls strength and rate of heart contractions

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16
Q

What innervations can increase heart rate?

What innervations can decrease heart rate?

A

Sympathetic innervation (norepinephrine

Parasympathetic innervation (acetylcholine)

17
Q

What specifically can increase strength of heart contraction?

A

Epinephrine

18
Q

What can the heart do to adapt?

A

Enlargement of the heart

19
Q

What are 3 examples of enlargement of the heart?

A

Over-working the heart
* Heart muscle responds with hypertrophy (similar to skeletal muscle after weight-lifting)
Endurance athletes

  • Mostly an increase in LV chamber (need to increase cardiac output) Weightlifters
  • Mostly increased LV wall & septum thickness (need to overcome increased afterload i.e. the amount of pressure needed to eject blood
    during ventricular contraction)
20
Q

Why can enlargement of the heart be bad?

A

Causes high blood pressure and narrowing of aortic valve

Heart must work harder to overcome this

21
Q

Why can enlargement of the heart be good?

A

An appropriate adaptation for athletes

22
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

Narrowing of arteries due to calcified fatty deposits (plaque), and thickening of the wall.

23
Q

How is atherosclerosis triggered?

A

Triggered by damage to arterial wall (inflammation)

24
Q

What can atherosclerosis lead to?

A

Can lead to heart attack or stroke

25
Q

What is coronary artery disease?

A

Atherosclerosis in the arteries of heart

26
Q

What are contributing factors of atherosclerosis?

A
  • Elevated blood lipids
  • Hypertension
  • Inflammatory mediators (C-reactive
    protein)
  • Diet (sodium, potassium,
    saturated/trans fats)
  • Smoking
  • Physical inactivity
  • Obesity/diabetes
  • Age
  • Genetics
27
Q

How can we treat coronary artery blockages?

A

Bypass Surgery
* Vein taken from arm or leg
* One end attached above the blockage & the other below

Angioplasty (balloon stent)

28
Q

What does blood pressure vary with?

A

Varies with cardiac cycle

29
Q

What is systolic blood pressure?

A
  • Maximum pressure
  • When the ventricles contract, sending
    blood into the arteries
30
Q

What is diastolic blood pressure?

A
  • Minimum pressure
  • When the heart relaxes between beats
  • Not zero due to elastic recoil of arterial
    wall
31
Q

What is vasoconstriction?

A

-Alpha receptors are located on arteries
-norepinephrine and epinephrine bind to α2 adrenergic receptors
-Causes arteries to constrict (vasoconstriction)
-Increases blood pressure
-ex. during excercise

32
Q

What is vasodilation?

A
  • Blood vessels in skeletal muscles lack alpha-receptors
  • Norepinephrine & epinephrine bind to β2 adrenergic receptors in arteries of skeletal muscles
  • Dilates vessels of the skeletal muscles (vasodilation) so they can receive increased blood flow
  • E.g. during exercise
33
Q

How much does cardiac output increase during excercise?

A

Increases 5x during exercise (up to 8x in elite
athletes)

34
Q

Does blood pressure ↑ dramatically during exercise? – not really

A
  • Distribution of blood does not increase proportionally i.e. blood flow is diverted where it is needed during exercise (the working muscles)
  • Dilation of vessels to skeletal muscle & heart increases blood flow to muscles (β2 receptors & local metabolites)
  • Constriction of vessels to the gut & kidneys decreases blood flow to these organs (α2 receptors)
  • Dilating vessels in the muscle decreases resistance & we have a lot of muscle mass
35
Q

Resistance exercise (e.g.
weightlifting) can cause dramatic
increases in blood pressure – up to
345/245 mmHg

A

read over

36
Q
  • Holding your breath increases
    intrathoracic pressure during the lift
    (Valsalva maneuver)
  • Temporarily raises blood pressure &
    slows heart rate
A

read over

Biol 1080 (18 decks)

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