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HUBS191 > Lecture 16 > Flashcards

Lecture 16 Flashcards

1
Q

What does CNS stand for?

A

Central Nervous System.

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2
Q

What does PNS stand for?

A

Peripheral Nervous System

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3
Q

What are the 2 general classes of cells for both the CNS and PNS?

A

Neurons and Glia.

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4
Q

Name the 3 general features of the Glia cell in the nervous system.

A
  • provides support for neutrons
  • 4 different types
  • each have different functions.
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5
Q

Name the 4 different types of Glia cells of the CNS.

A
  • Axoncytes
  • Microglia
  • Ependymal cells
  • Oligocytes
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6
Q

Name the type of Glia cell in the PNS.

A

Schwann cell.

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7
Q

What are the functions of each of the types of Glia cells in the CNS?

A

Axoncytes:

  • Supplies nutrients to the neutrons.
  • Ensheath blood capillaries.
  • Transmit information.

Microglia:

  • Immune cells of the CNS.
  • Engulf microorganisms and debris.

Ependymal cells:

  • Line fluid-filled spaces the brain and spinal cord.
  • Have cilia (little hairs) that circulate CSF.

Oligodendrocytes:

  • Support nerve fibres.
  • Ensheath them with myelin.
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8
Q

What is the function of the Glia cell in the PNS?

A

Schwann cell:
- Supports peripheral nervous fibres (wraps around the axon of the neutron).

  • Ensheath them with myelin.
  • Similar to Oligodendrocytes (CNS).
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9
Q

What is the myelin sheath made of?

A

Lipid (fat) wrapped around the axon of the neuron.

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10
Q

Where does the myelin sheath come from?

A
  • Oligodendrocytes (CNS)

- Schwann cells (PNS)

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11
Q

What does the myelin sheath do?

A

Increases conductive velocity.

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12
Q

What are the 4 components of the a basic neuron structure and what are their functions?

A

Dendrites:
- Receives information and sends it down into the cell body.

Cell body:

  • Contains nucleus and organelles.
  • Sums input information (decides whether to pass the information on).

Axon:

  • Carries electrical impulse.
  • may or may not be myelinated.

Axon Terminal:

  • End of the Axon.
  • Neurontransmitter release.
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13
Q

What is Ranvier’s node what does it do?

A
  • Located between gaps of myelin.

- Provides an increase in conduction (speed) of the electrical impulse

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14
Q

What is the input zone of a neuron and what structures are involved?

A
  • Dendrites & Cell body

- Receives chemical signals from other neurons.

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15
Q

What is the summation zone of a neuron and what structures are involved?

A
  • Axon hillock

- Decides whether to pass on the information to another neuron.

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16
Q

What is the conduction zone of a neuron and what structures are involved?

A
  • Axon
  • Region where the electrical signal is carried along, between brain areas, to and from the spinal cord, or to and from peripheral sensory receptors.
17
Q

What is the output zone of a neuron and what structures are involved?

A
  • Axon Terminals
  • Contacts the input zone of other neurons.
  • Release of neurotransmitters (chemical signal).
18
Q

How does the axon hillock decide whether the information should be passed onto another neuron?

A

Number of electrical impulses of that same type are received.

19
Q

Name the 3 types of neurons shapes (morphology).

A

Multipolar:
- Multiple processes emanate from the cell body.

Bipolar:
- 2 processes emanate from the cell body.

(Pseudo)Unipolar:

  • One process emanates from the cell body.
  • One end branches into dendrite, and other end branches into an axon.
20
Q

What is the synapse junction?

A

The region of communication between 2 neurons (chemical)

21
Q

What are the 3 energy types the impulses (information) go from?

A

Electrical (inside the axon) to chemical (between 2 neurons) to electrical again (inside the axon).

22
Q

What defines the pre-synaptic and post-synaptic neurons?

A

Pre-Synaptic neuron:

  • Before the synapse (transfer of information between 2 neurons).
  • Contains synaptic vesicles (packets of neurotransmitters).
  • Releases the neurotransmitter (chemical signal) from the axon terminal.

Post-synaptic neuron:

  • After the Synapse.
  • Contains receptors for the neurotransmitters.
23
Q

What are the 3 types of Synapse?

A
  • Axondendritic
  • Axosomatic
  • Axoaxonic
24
Q

What are the difference between Axondendritic, Axosomatic and Axoaxonic synapses?

A

Axondendritic - Pre-synaptic neuron contacts the dendrites of the post-synaptic neuron.

Axosomatic - Pre-synaptic neuron contacts the cell body (soma) of the post-synaptic neuron

Axoaxonic - Pre-synaptic neuron contacts the axon of the post-synaptic neuron. (hence going past the Axon hillock and ignoring the decision making phase)

25
Q

Define Afferent and Efferent flow.

A

Afferent - information flowing to the brain (ascending).

Efferent - Response from the brain (descending).

26
Q

What is a group cell bodies called? (CNS)

A

nucleus (plural: nuclei).

27
Q

What is a bundle of axons called? (CNS)

A

Tract.

28
Q

What are a group of cell bodies in the cerebral cortex called? (CNS)

A

Grey matter.

29
Q

What are bundles of axons in the cerebral cortex called? (CNS)

A

White matter.

30
Q

What is a group cell bodies called? (PNS)

A

Ganglion (plural: ganglia).

31
Q

What is a bundle of axons called? (PNS)

A

Nerve.

HUBS191 (19 decks)

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