Lecture 16 Flashcards
Is the upper or lower limb relatively more mobile?
Upper limb is significantly more mobile
when compared to the more stable lower limb
What is the primary function of the upper limb?
to move freely/sense and grasp objects around
Relatively larger area of the cerebral cortex
Less primitive locamotion and support, more Specialised at gathering information and manipulating surrounding environment
Great precision and highly variable speed and strength
What is another name for the shoulder joint?
Glenohumeral Joint
What are the 4x components of the upper limb?
- Hand
- Forearm
- Arm
- Pectoral Girdle/Shoulder
What is another word for shoulder?
pectoral girdle
What are the 2x parts of the pectoral girdle?
clavicle (collar bone)
scapula (shoulder blade)
What is another word for shoulder blade?
scapula
What is another word for collar bone?
clavicle
What does the pectoral girdle link and at what joint?
Sternum to clavicle
at sternoclavicular joint
-act as a mobile base, and extend the range of movement of the free limb
-muscles associated are needed to give sufficient control of free limb movements
What is the most mobile joint in the body?
Shoulder joint
widest range of movement –> relatively unstable –> require increased muscles to control and stabilise
What is the relationship between joints, movements, muscles and stability.
More Mobile joints = less stable = require more muscle attachment to control and stabilise
What are the essential features of the pelvic girdle?
complete ring
2x joints to join 2x hemipelvises
1. Axial skeleton(sacrum) and illiam = sacroilliac joint - fibrous joint, strong, not much movement
2. between 2x halves of pelvis’ pubis = pubic symphosis - fibrocratilagenous pad, syncondrosis, short and strong
What are the essential features of the Sacroilliac joint?
between axial skeleton (sacrum) and illium of the pelvis
strong and stable joint
doesn’t allow much movement
fibrous joint
What are the essential features of the Pubic sysmphosis?
Joins the 2x halves of the pelvis/hemipelvises together
fibrocartilagenous pad
Syncondrosis - short and strong
What type of joint is the pubic symphosis?
Syncondrosis
What is the relationship between the 2x sides of the pelvis?
NOT independant from one another
-what affects one side affects the other
What is another name for the arm?
brachium
What is another name for the forearm?
Anti-brachium
What is another name for the manus?
hand
What is the relationship between the 2x sides of the pectoral girdle?
INdependant
- can move one of your arms and the other wont be affected
- 2x bones havent fused - synovial joints for movement
What is the comparison between the 2x girdles of the body?
Pelvic and pectoral girdle are fundamentally different
-and this has an emphasis on their function
What does the pectoral girdle link?
Free limb with acial skeleton (via sternum) - more specfically Manubrium (font of thorax/only boney link between the upper limb and the rest of the body)
What is the only boney link between the free upper limb and the rest of the body?
Part of the Sternum called the manubrium
What are movements of the pectoral girdle normally based around?
Scapula
-broad flat bone on back of thorax
-retraction, protraction, elevation, depression, superior and inferior rotation
NO ABD or ADD with the Pectoral Girdle
What are the 6x movements of the Scapula/Pectoral girdle?
- Protraction
- Retraction
- Elevation
- Depression
- Inferior rotation (glenoid)
- Superior rotation (genoid)
What does the scapula/pectoral girdle movements of Inferior and Superior Rotation mean in reference to the glenoid?
Inferior rotation = scapula’s glenoid’s lateral angle is facing relatively downwards (arm down)
Superior rotation = scapula’s glenoid’s lateral angle is facing relatively upwards (arm up)
What is Inferior and Superior Rotation of the Pectoral Girdle in reference to?
Glenoid’s Lateral angle (of the scapula)
What are the essential features of the Clavicle?
Undergoes Intramembranous ossification: one of First bones to calcify, one of last to finish calcification
Sinuous and long bone
Medial convexity point anteriorly
Largely subcutaneous
Proximal end = triangular cross section= joint with manubrium of axial sacpula
Distal end = flattened = joint with acromium of scapula
Functions as Strut = between Manubrium of axial sternum and Acromium of scapula.
-keeps scapula away from thoracic wall. Any load from uppr limb gets transmitted to scapula –> and onto Thin bone of the clavicle
– therefore clavicle gets fractured alot
What are the 2x descriptive features of the clavicle?
sinuous and Long
-largely subcutaneous bone
What type of bone development does the clavicle go through?
Interosseous ossification
What is the relative position of the medial complexity of the clavicle?
Medial complexity of clavicle faces anteriorly
- proximal end = triangular at cross section
- distal end = flattened at cross section
- strut function
Which bone in the pectoral girdle would you consider to be largely subcutaneous?
Clavicle
What bone in the pectoral girdle gets fractured alot?
clavicle
- strut function + long, thin and sinuous
- keeps scapula away from the thoracic wall
- load from arm –> scapula –> through to thin clavicle
In what manner does the Clavicle directly strut/bar the scapula from coming into the thorax?
Muscles go from scapula –> into thoracic cage
+ general tonous contraction medially,
(generic inward pull on BOTH sides of the scapula (muscles anteriorly and posteriorly)
slowly pulling the scapula into the thorax
- the clavicle is needed to fend off the scapula from the thoracic cage (strut)
What is the direction of pull of the muscles surrounding the scapula and from which areas of the shoulder?
Generic pull inwards of muscles attaching and inserting from scapula –> thoracic cage
Both anteriorly and posteriorly creating a generic inward pull/tonous contraction
-clavicle is needed to stop scapula from going inwards into the thoracic cage (strut)
What does a roughened area on a bone usually represent? and relate to the clavicle.
area where a ligament or tendon attaches More muscle attachment = more roughened the area 2x roughened areas on the clavicle: 1. Coracolavicular ligament attachment 2. Costoclavicular ligament attachment
What are the essential features of the scapula?
Triangular Flat bone
covers Postero-lateral surface of ribs 2-7
Prominent spine divides posterior surface of the scapula into supra spinous and infraspinous fossae
Acromial process= lateral part of spine = palpable
Coracoid = under lateral clavicle
Glenoid fossa = articulates with head of humerous = glenohumeral shoulder joint
What part and number of ribs does the scapula cover?
ribs 2-7
Posterior Lateral surface
What does the spine of the scapula divide the posterior surface of the scapula into?
supraspinous fossa
Infraspinous fossa
Where is the coracoid process located?
juts forward under the lateral part of the clavicle
What part of the scapula articulates with the head of the humerus and what does this form?
Glenoid fossa (of the scapula) articulates with the head of the humerus Glenohumeral shoulder joint (socket component)
What are the supraspinous and infraspinous fossa?
Supraspinous fossa = area above the spine of the scapula
Infraspinousfossa = area below the spine of the scapula
What is the 3rd “fossa” of the scapula that isnt the Supraspinous or infraspinous fossa?
Subscapula fossa
-front of the scapula
What is a name for the front of the scapula?
Subscapula fossa
What is the subscapula fossa?
Front area of the scapula
What is a fossa?
Depression/indentation
What is an anatomical term for Depression/Indentation?
Fossa
What are the 4x categories of the Scapula?
- Angles 3x
- Borders 3x
- Protuberance 3x
- Surfaces 3x
What are the 3x surfaces of the scapula?
Supraspinous fossa
Infraspinous fossa
Subscapula fossa
What are the 3x Protuberances of the scapula?
Coracoid (crows beak)
Acromion
Spine
What is the crows beak of the scapula?
Coracoid
What are the 3x borders of the scapula?
Superior
Medial
Lateral
What are the 3x angles of the scapula?
Superior
Inferior
Glenoid
What group of the scapula contains superior, inferior and glenoid?
3x ANGLES of the scapula
What group of the scapula contains superior, Medial and lateral?
3x BORDERS of the scapula
What group of the scapula contains the coracoid, acromium and spine?
3x PROTUBERANCES of the scapula
What group of the scapula contains Supraspinous fossa, Infraspinous fossa and Subscapula fossa?
3x SURFACES of the scapula
What is the most lateral aspect of your shoulder?
Acromium
-best seen on Posterior view
What are the key features of the sternoclavicular joint?
Saddle Synovial Joint
90 degrees out of phase -alot of motion (still less than hip range)
Mobile as is synovial
2x Concave surfaces
Fibrocartilagenous disc(INTERarticular discs)
-allows depression/compression and cushioning of the joint
-divides joint space into 2x cavities
Articular capsule outside to hold joint in place
Articular capsule also allows a little more movement
4x important ligaments = Anterior and Posterior sternoclavilular ligaments, Interclavicular li
gament (across jugular notch) + Costoclavicular ligament - fulcrum for clavicle movements + main stabilizer
Elevation/Protraction = 10cm
Depression/Retraction = 3cm
Rotation = 30 degrees
What is the chief stabilizer of the sternoclavicular joint?
costoclavilcular ligament
What is the fulcrum of clavicular movement?
costoclavicular ligament
What are the 2x functions of the costoclavicular ligemnt?
- Fulcrum of movement for the clavicle
2. chief stabiliser of sternoclavicular joint
What sort of joint is the sternoclavilcular joint?
Saddle synovial joint \+ fibrocartilagenous discs (compression and cushioning --> stabilisation) 2x concave surfaces 90 degrees out of phase allows for alot of movement
What are the 3x features of the fibrocartilagenous disc in the sternocalvicular joint?
- allows for depression/compression and cushioning
- more mobility
- divides joint space into 2x cavities
What are the 4x ligaments associated with the sternoclavicular joint?
- Anterior sternoclavicular ligaments
- Posterior sternoclavilcular ligaments
- Interclavicular ligament (across jugular notch)
- costoclavicular ligament (fulcrum of clavicular movement + main stabiliser of sternoclavicular joint)
What affect does the large mobility of the sternoclavicular joint have on the distal end of the clavicle?
Distal end of the clavicle has a large amount of movement
due to the nature of the sternoclavicular joint
Elevation and Protraction =10cm
Depression and Retraction = 3cm
Rotation = 30 degrees
What are the essential features of the Anterior and Posterior sternoclavicular ?
Posterior sc ligament = significantly stronger
- as you have arteries and veins behind it
- dont want clavicle to be pushed back and damage them
What are the essential features of the Interclavicular ligament?
crosses the jugular notch(top part of the strenum)
continuous with other sternoclavicular joint
-therefore if you’re swinging on a tree you cannot pull SC joint apart - continuous ligament
Good at resisting tension down your clavicle
What are the essential features of your costoclavicular ligament?
Attached to roughened are on clavicle
Costal cartialge of firt rib
stablising joint
fulcrum/pivot point for clavicular movement
What occurs on the upper part of the acromium?
Insertion of Trapezius
What occurs on the lower part of acromium?
Deltoid originates
What is the benefit of having Trapezius inserting onto the upper part of acromium and deltoid originating off the lower part of acromium?
Both are strong muscles
and strengthen the AC acromioclavicular joint
What are the main features of the acromioclavicular joint?
Synovial joint
Wedge shaped firbocartilagenous intra-articular disc
Joint capsule = sleeve like and relatively loose
Acromioclavicular ligament is Intrinsic/part of the AC joint capsule
-further strengthened by 2x parts of coracoclavicular ligament (conoid and Trapezoid)
Where is does the wedgeshaped firbocartilagenous interarticular disc occur?
Inside the AC acromioclavicular joint
-is a slightly different fibrocartilagenous interarticular disc to the one i the SC sternoclavicular joint
What is located inside the AC acromioclavicular joint?
Wedge shaped fibrocartilagenous interarticular disc
What are the 3x ligaments strengthening the AC acromioclavicular joint?
- Intrinsic Acromioclavicular ligament (in joint capsule)
- Coracoclavicular Ligament Conoid
- Coracoclavicular Ligament Trapezoid
What is the difference between the coracoclavicular ligament and the costoclavicular ligament?
coracoclavicular ligament = distal end of clavicle. onto coracoid. strengthens AC joint. 2x parts = conoid and trapazoid
costoclavicular Ligament = proximal end of clavicle. onto costal cartilage of first rib. strenghten SC sternoclavicular joint.
What is attached to the costal cartilage of the first rib?
costoclavicular ligament
What is the joint capsule of the AC acromioclavicular joint like?
Sleeve like, relatively loose joint capsule
contains an intrinsic acromioclavicular ligament
Where is the location of a sleeve like, relatively loose joint capsule that contains a ligament inside?
AC acromioclavicular joint
it is the acromioclavicular joint capsule
containing the acromioclavicular ligament intrinsically
-helps strengthen the joint
-also contains wedge like fibrocartilagenous interarticular disc within the synovial joint
What are the essential features of the coracoclavicular ligament?
Strongest element linking the clavicle and scapula together
2x parts = Conoid(inverted cone Medially) + Trapzoid (tapezium Laterally) technically isnt part of your AC joint - but strengthens and supports AC joint
-Injured in Rugby players
coracoid - clavicle
attached to roughened area on clavicle
Working with Trapezius (attached to upper surface of acromium)
-has upwards pull on clavicle and acromium - with coracoclavicular ligament allows for passive suspension of lower limb
-dont have to use muscle to suspend the upper limb to hang your arm by its side (no energy burnt)
What ligament it typically injured with ruby players?
coracoclavicular ligament
What are the 2x components of the coracoclavicular ligament and their relative positions?
Medial Twisted and inverted cone = Conoid
Lateral Trapezium = Trapazoid
What is by far the strongest element linking the scapula to the clavicle?
coracoclavicular ligament (2x elements (Medial inverted cone = conoid + Lateral trapezium=trapazoid)
What is the relationship between the Trapezium and the Coracoclavicular ligament?
Trapezium = Inserts onto top of the acromium
has an upwards pull on acromium and clavicle
With the coracoclavicular ligament (b/w coracoid and clavicular) strengthens AC joint And allows the free limb to passively suspend by your side - Dont have to burn energy/use muscle to hang and be passively suspended by trapezius’ upwards pull and wont tear apart either
Which part of the clavicle is most frequently broken and who often suffers from this broken clavicular?
Weakest part = no muscle attachments to strengthen and stabilise = 1/3 Laterally, 2/3 medially
-especially when loads are being put up through the upper limb
Cyclists, feet locked in, put arm out to stop fall, force shoots up arm, arm muscles and scapula quite strong, so load/force goes through clavicle. long, sinuous and thin bone acting as strut. Areas with muscle attachment are strengthened and stabilised. But area 1/3 lateral and 2/3 medial has No musclar support fractures. Clavicle goes upwards, free limb falls . Scapula goes inwards towards thoracic wall (due to pull of anterior and posterior muscles).
Why is the part of the clavicle (1/3 laterally, 2/3 medially) the weakest part of the clavicle and more prone to fracturing?
Becuase the area of the clavicle without any muscular attachments for stability and strength is at 1/3 lateral and 2/3 medial. therefore when a force/large load is sent up the road (cylcist with locked in feettrying to stop their flal) force is transmitted up arm, and there are quite strong arm muscles and scapula, so force is transmitted along long, sinuous and thin clavicle. this particular area has No muscular support or strengthening –> fractures. clavicle goes upwards, Free limbs falls. Scapula goes inwards towards the thoracic wall (due to general pull towards thorax by attaching anterior and posterior muscles)
What is Cleidocranial Dyostosis?
Clavicle and Cranial bones harden via process of interosseous ossification
Failure for to ossify of these 2x bones = cleidocranial dyostosis
-can bring their scapula’s in close medially
-as clavicle is rubbery and not ossified
-genetic disorder
What are stabilising joints?
When muscles are stimulate
But they do not shorten
many joints in the upper limb are highly mobile/lots of laxisity in the joints
-therefore the only way to stabilise these joints is with muscles
-therefore these muscles are WORKING but they are NOT MOVING aything
What 3x muscles are Anterior and run from the Axial skeleton to the Pectoral Girdle?
- Sibclavius
- Pec. Minor
- Serratus Anterior
Which Muscle is Anterior and runs from the Axial skeleton to the Humerus?
Pec Major
Which 4x Muscles is Posterior and runs from the Axial Skeleton to the Pectoral Girdle?
- Trapezius
- Levator Scapulae
- Rhomboid Minor
- Rhomboid Major
Which muscle is Posterior and runs from the Axial skeleton to the Humerus?
Latissimus Dorsi
What 9x muscles run from the Pectoral Girdle to Humerus?
- Supraspinatus
- Infraspinatus
- Teres Minor
- Subscapularis
- Deltoid
- Teres Major
- Coracobracilais
- (Biceps Brachii)
- (Triceps Brachii)
Trapezius
3x Origin: Superior, Middle and Inferior along - Skull, Nucal Ligament and Spinous process –> T12 (broad)
Insertion:Anatomical Horse shoe
5x Primary actions:
All = Retracts scapula
Superior only= Elevates scapula
Middle only = retracts scapula (weaker than when all working in unison)
Lower only =depresses scapula
Superior and Lower only= Superior Rotation of scapula (as glenoid is angled upwards)
Nerve supply: Accessory nerve (CN XI)
-when paired = Trapezoid shape
What is the anatomical Horseshoe?
Insertion of Trapezius (Trapezoid shaped muscle when paired)
-U shaped boney ring
= Clavicle, Acromium + Spine of Scapula
What are the 3x components of the Anatomical horseshoe?
- Clavicle
- Acromium
- Spine of Scapula
- U shaped boney ridge
- Insertion of Trapzius
What are the essential features about the accesory nerve?
Trapezius’ Nerve Supply
Cranial nerve XI
RARE to have a cranial nerve innervating a muscle (is one of 12 cranial nerves) - ONLY muscle-cranial innervation in upper limb
What is the most posterior muscle in the torso?
Trapzius
-Trapazoid shaped muscle when paired
Anatomical Horseshoe Insertion
Broad Origin (skull, nucal ligament and spinous process –> T12)
What are the 3x components of the broad origin of Trapezius?
- Skull
- Nucal Ligament
- Spinous process –>T12
Rhomboid Major and Minor
Primary action: Retracts scapula
(2 action : elevates scapula. Inferiorly rotates scapula)
Nerve supply: Dorsal Scapula Nerve
-Deep to trapezius
-rhomboid 4x sided shape
-Minor above major
Minor= Higher, Thicker and Smaller C7-T1 spinous process
Major = longer origin. Inserts to remaining medial border of scapula
What Spinous processes make up the origin of Rhomboid Minor?
C7-T1
Higher, Thicker and Smaller
What is the nerve innervation of Rhomboid Major, Minor and Levator scapula?
Dorsalis Pedis Nerve
-runs Underneath the muscle
Levator Scapulae
Primary Action: Elevates scapula
(2 inferiorly rotate scapula)
originates from transverse process of upper C cervical vertebrae
Inserts = Superior Angle of scapula
Laterally rotating and bending your neck if lock scapula with other muscles
Acts on neck just as much as scapula
Which muscle acts just as much on the scapula as it does on the neck?
Levator Scapulae
What is the interesting function of the Levator Scapulae?
Acts just as much on the neck as it does on the scapula
Where does the Dorsalis Pedis Nerve run, relative to the 3x muscles that it innervates?
Runs UNDERNEATH
-under Rhomboid Major - Minor and Levator Scapulae
Lattisimus Dorsi
3x Primary actions: Adducts humerus. Internally rotates humerus. Lower fibres can depress scapula by pulling on humerus
(2 inferiorly rotate scapula by pulling on humerus)
Nerve Supply: Thoracodorsal nerve
-large and broad muscle
-Most of the middle aspect of LAt Dorsi - large,broad, flat tendon = Aponeurosis –> as the belly of Lat dorsi doesnt start until 1/2 way up the muscle
Huge origin: T7 - Sacrum (originates from Illiac Crest)
sometimes has fibres coming off ribs
Insertion: Posterior fold of armpit (axilla) - palpable
-Twists around onto the FRONT of the humerus (not pec girdle bone)
What muscle in the back has a middle region that is mainly a large, broad and flat tendon. And what is that tendon called?
Latissimus Dorsi
- Aponeurosis in back middle part
- muscle belly doesnt start until 1/2 way up the muscle
On what muscle is the aponeurosis of the back located on and why?
Latissimus Dorsi
because its muscle belly doesnt start until 1/2 way up
What is the insertion of Latissiumus Dorsi?
Front of Humerus
Pectoralis Major
-Most superficial muscle on the front of you chest
-Bypasses the pectoral girdle and links the axial skeleton with the humerus itself
-2x heads Originates from Larger and more axial sternocostal (sternum and costal cartilage)head and clavicular Head
Insertion: 2x heads twist and attach onto the Front of the humerus
3x Primary actions: Adduct humerus, internally rotate humerus, protract scapula by pulling on the humerus
(2 depresses and inferiorly rotates scapula by pulling on the humerus)
-stretch sternocostal head most when during hyperextension of shoulders in a slightly abducted state
Nerve Supply: Lateral and Medial Pectoral Nerve
Damage: Gym too much. Pectoral Major is on front. Head from Sternocostal head tears off/ Bench press too much -hyper extend shoulders in a slightly abducted state
What are the 2x origins of the 2x heads of the Pectoralis Major?
- Sternocostal Head (costal cartilage of the sternum)
- Clavicular head
- these 2x heads twist around eachother and both insert onto the front of the humerus (bypass pectoral girdle and directly connect axial skeleton with humerus)
Does the Pectoralis Major actually fully bypass the pectoral girdle?
Not 100%
as technically it is attached to the clavicular which is still considered to part of the pectoral girdle
-mainly is considered to have bypassed the pectoral girdle and to just connect the axial skeleton directly with the humerus
When is there the greatest stretch on the sternocostal head of Pectoralis Major?
Hyper extension of Pec Major is a slightly abducted state
What do both the Lateral and Medial Pectoral nerves innervate?
Pectoral Major
What is the difference between the 2x heads of Pectoral Major?
Sternocostal head: Larger, More Axial. off costal cartilage and sternum
Clavicular head
When is the Arnold Schwarziniger injury caused and to what muscle?
Bench Press too much (gym too much)
Pec Major
Sternocostal head torn off
-as sternocostal head being most stretch during hyperextended and slightly abducted state
Subclavius
Primary action: “Braces” clavicle
(2 weak depressor of the scapula)
costal cartilage –> subclavian groove
Little muscle
3x Attachments: Subclavian groove, first rib and first costal cartilage
Helps to strengthen sternoclavicular joint (brace of clavicle)
-if there is superior lateral tension running through clavicle’s chaft, subclavian muscle can contract to avoid clavicle dislocating from the joint from tension
Innervated by C5
What muscle has the primary action of bracing the clavicle?
Subclavian
-helps to strengthen the sternoclavicular joint
What are the 3x attachments of the Subclavian muscle?
- subclavian groove
- first rib
- first costal cartilage
What does the combination of the subclavian groove, first rib and first costal cartilage form together?
The 3x attachements of the subclavian muscle
- brace for the clavicular
- acts to strengthen the sternoclavicular joint
What is an explicit example of the subclavian muscle acting as a brace including tension?
If Tension running up the shaft of the clavicle (Superiorly and LAaerally)
Subclavius can strengthen the sternoclavicular joint by contracting and stopping the clavicular from dislocating out of the joint from tension
“brace” - strengthen sternoclavicular joint (even though it is an incredibly strong joint)
What is the relative likelihood of breaking the clavicle to dislocating the sternoclavicular joint?
More Likely to Break clavicle > dislocating sternoclavicular joint
-is a very strong joint
Pectoralis Minor
Origin: 3-5th ribs -anteriorlateral aspects-variable
Insertion: Coracoid ProcessPrimary action: Depresses Scapula
(2 tries to protract scapula)
Nerve Supply: Medial Pectoral Nerve
-Landmark, as will see medial Pectoral nerve linking between Pec Minor and Pec Major - as innervated both
-under Pec Minor= Neurovascular bundle
-stretch neurovascular bundle when abduct arm fully, stretching it around and underneath the coracoid process
-Saturday Night Palsy - have compressed nerve and artery and whole arm numb
- due to sleeping with abducted arm and neurovascular bundle has been compressed under the coracoid and pecminor
Which Pectoral nerve out of Lateral and Medial P.N. innervates both the Pectoral muscles?
Medial pectoral nerve innervates both Pectoralis Major and Minor
-can be seen running through and linking pectoralis major and minor
What is the relationship between nerves, Saturday night palsy and Pec Minor?
Neurovascular bundle located underneath pec minor
stretched when arm is full abducted
can be compressed under coracoid process
-Saturday night Palsy -when fallen asleep in fully abducted state and cant feel arm as nerves and arteries have been compressed and makes whole arm feel numb
-usually happens under pecminor and the coracoid process
Serratus Anterior
Origin: Ribs 1- 8/9
Insertion: Medial border of scapula
2x Primary Actions: Protracts Scapula. Lower fibres help superiorly rotate the scapula (insertion onto medial border of scapula)
2:depresses scapula
Boxers Muscle: Need a strong Serratus Anterior in order to have a good Protraction of the scapula for a good punch
Sawtooth/serrated muscle
What is the origin of Serratus Anterior?
Ribs 1-8/9
What is the insertion of Serratus Anterior?
Medial border of scapula
What is the Boxers muscle?
Serratus Anterior
Need to have a strong serratus anterior, to have a good protraction of the scapula for a good punch
What muscle is involved to allow a boxer to have a strong punch by having a strong protraction of the scapula?
Serratus Anteior
Origin: ribs 1-8/9
Insertion: medial border of the scapula
What muscle originates from the ribs 1-8/9 (variable)
Serratus
What is the insertion of Serratus Anterior?
Ribs 1-8/9
