Lecture 15 - When the Cardiovascular System Goes Wrong Flashcards
Define Hypertension
Abnormally high blood pressure
Name 5 conditions for which hypertension is a major risk factor
Stroke, Coronary Heart Disease, Heart Failure, Aneurysms, Chronic Kidney Disease
Name the three main types of treatments for hypertension
Thiazide Diuretic, Ca2+ Channel Blocker, RAAS Inhibition
How do Thiazide Diuretics help to treat hypertension?
Inhibit Na+ renal reabsorption, increasing water loss in the urine (lower Venous Return so lower CO)
How do Ca2+ channel blockers treat hypertension
Inhibit Ca2+ entry into cardiac and vascular muscle cells (lower Contractility so lower CO; and inhibits vasoconstriction)
Name the three types of RAAS Inhibitors (and which one is only used in resistant hypertension?)
ACEi (Angiotensin Converting Enzyme inhibitor); ARB (Angiotensin Receptor Blocker) and Aldosterone Antagonist
Define Atherosclerosis
Thickening and Toughening of Arterial Walls (-> plaque formation)
What are the triggering factors for Atherosclerosis?
Endothelial Damage (e.g., from BP, smoking, Diabetes)
High LDL in Blood
What are the consequences of Atherosclerosis?
Narrow vessels restrict blood flow and increase the likelihood of Thromboembolism; increased risk of stroke, coronary heart disease
What is the main treatment for Atherosclerosis?
Statins (inhibit cholesterol synthesis, reduced LDL)
Define Thrombosis
Blood Clots in the circulation, blocking normal flow
Name the two main treatments of thrombosis (and one example of each)
Anticoagulents (e.g., warfarin) and Anti-Platelet Therapy (e.g., aspirin)
Describe how a myocardial infarction can occur
Atherosclerosis -> atherothrombosis (vessel occlusion blocks myocardial blood flow) -> muscle distal to blockage starts to die
Name the two main treatments for Myocardial Infarctions
Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (stent); Thrombolytics
What may be sprayed as a treatment for Angina?
GTN spray (nitric oxide -> vasodilation)
Name and define the two main types of Valvular Disease
Stenosis - thick/stiff valves fail to open properly (increased afterload, reduced ejection)
Regurgiation - valves fail to close properly (backflow of blood reduces SV and CO)
Define Heart Failure
When Cardiac Output is inadequate to meet the demands of the body
What are the two main causes of Heart Failure?
Diseases increasing workload (e.g., hypertension, aortic stenosis) and Damage to Myocardium (e.g., myocardial infarction)
Three “regions/types” (?) of heart failure?
Right-sided -> peripheral odoema
Left-sided -> pulmonary odoema
Both sides -> congestive heart failure
4 main treatments for heart failure?
ß-Blockers (reduce SNS activity to reduce workload, prevent desensitisation)
Anti-Hypertensives (ACEi, ARB, diruetics - reduce fluid, reduce workload)
Left Ventricular Assist Device (mechanical heart pump)
Heart Transplant
Define Arrhythmia
A deviation from the heart’s normal sinus rhythm
Main causes of Bradychardia
Slow signals from SAN (damage to SAN, AVN or conductive tissue)
Treatment for Bradychardia?
Pacemaker
Causes of Sinus Tachycardia
Drugs, Hormones
Define Non-Sinus Tachycardia
Additional abnormal impulses in ECG
Name four types of Arrhythmias (and which one is treated with Defibrilation?)
Atrial Fibrilation; Long QT Syndrome; Ventricular Tachycardia; Ventricular Fibrilation (DEFIRBILATOR)
