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MIIM20002 - Microbes, Infections, Responses > Lecture 15 - Microbiome 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 15 - Microbiome 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Compare the microbiota between individuals

A

Different individuals will have the same phyla present, but different species

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2
Q

To which infections does dysbiosis lead?

A

Salmonella

Overgrowth of:

  • Candida
  • Clostridium difficile
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3
Q

Which bacterium is responsible for Pseudomembranous colitis?

A

Clostridium difficile

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4
Q

Are many people infected with Clostridium difficile?

A

3%

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5
Q

Describe how Clostridium difficile can overgrow

A
  1. Gut microbiota altered (antibiotics)
  2. Reduced competition, C. difficile overgrow
  3. Cytotoxin toxin produced
  4. Cell death, inflammation and bowel necrosis
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6
Q

Which people are most likely to get Pseudomembranous colitis?
Where do outbreaks normally occur?

A

People taking antibiotics

Outbreaks are common in hospitals, where people are taking antibiotics

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7
Q

Describe the gut microbiota of individuals who get recurrent C. difficile infections

A

Reduced diversity of gut microbiota

(compared to people who get single infections / no infections

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8
Q

How can normal gut microbiota be reinstated in people with recurrent C. difficile infections?

A

Faecal transplant

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9
Q

What must we do before we give someone a faecal transplant?

Why?

A

Rationally select the bacteria in the transplant, so we know what we are giving the other people

This is so the recipient doesn’t receive unknown pathogens that could cause disease

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10
Q

How may else may gut microbiota cause disease?

A

Moving to extra-intestinal sites:

  • wounds
  • respiratory tract
  • urinary tract
  • blood
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11
Q

In what circumstances will gut microflora cause infection of other sites?

A

Abnormal host:

  • anatomical
  • functional
  • immunocompromised
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12
Q

Which gut microflora causes UTIs?

A

E. coli

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13
Q

Which microflora causes wound infection?

A

Klebsiella

Bacteroides sp.

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14
Q

Which microflora bacterium causes Lower Respiratory tract infection?

A

Klebsiella

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15
Q

Intestinal microbiota are a rich source of …

A

DNA

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16
Q

Why is the gut microbiota important for immunity?

A

Microbial colonisation is linked with development of the immune response, through the differentiation of Treg

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17
Q

Describe the importance of gut microflora on asthma and allergies

A

Reduced incidence when mother is exposed to animals

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18
Q

Children who develop atopy have a higher incidence of …

A

Clostridia compared to non-atopic children

19
Q

What is the connection between caesarian sections and disease?

A

Children who were delivered by C section are 20% more likely to have asthma

20
Q

Which diseases are associated with abnormal gut microbiota?

A
  • Asthma
  • Allergies
  • Eczema
  • Inflammatory bowel disease
  • C. difficile - Pseudomembranous colitis
21
Q

What is inflammatory bowel disease associated with?

A
  • Inappropriate immune response against intestinal microflora
  • Reduced diversity
22
Q

What happens to intestinal permeability in patients with IBD?

A

Increased intestinal permeability

23
Q

What are prebiotics?

A

These are dietary supplements that promote beneficial bacteria

24
Q

What are probiotics?

A

Doses of beneficial bacteria in the diet

25
Q

Which bacteria are commonly administered as probiotics?

A

Lactobacillus sp.

26
Q

What do probiotics supposedly protect against?

A
  • Rotavirus
  • Childhood diarrhoea
  • Atopic eczema
27
Q

What are the three general things that affect the immune system?

A
  • Nutrients
  • Infection with enteropathogens
  • Gut microbiota
28
Q

Describe how the diet affects microbiota in the gut

A

Varying the levels of protein, monosaccharides, polysaccharides and lipids changes the numbers and types of bacteria in the gut

29
Q

How does microbiota affect the metabolism?

How?

A

Without microbiota, a higher energy intake is required.

  • Directly provide nutrients (Vik K, biotin, folate CHO from cellulose)
  • Alter metabolic machinery of host cells
30
Q

Describe how differences in microbiota in a population affects metabolism of the population

A

Despite differences in microbiota, the individuals had stable metabolic pathways

31
Q

Obesity / high fat diet is associated with an increase in which phyla?

What about decrease?

In general?

A

In general:
decreased diversity of microbiota

Increase:

  • Firmicutes
  • Actinomycetes

Decrease:
- Bacteroides

32
Q

What is the role of actinomycetes in obesity?

A

This phlum enriches metabolic pathways associated with obesity
–> increased capacity for energy harvest

33
Q

What happens to the inflammatory response in high fat diets?

A

Increased inflammatory responses

34
Q

What is the effect of ‘obesity’ microbiota on the brain?

A

Decreased satiety

35
Q

What is the effect of ‘obesity’ microbiota on the liver?

A

Increased SCFAs

Increased inflammation

36
Q

What is the effect of ‘obesity’ microbiota on the adipose tissue?

A

Increased Triglyceride incorporation

37
Q

What is the effect of ‘obesity’ microbiota on muscle?

A

Decreased fatty acid oxidation

38
Q

What is the effect of ‘obesity’ microbiota on the GIT epithelium?

A

Increased permeability

39
Q

In general, what is the role of gut microbiota in malnutrition?

A

Malnutrition at a young age seems to permanently affect the make up of the microbiota in the gut

40
Q

What was the conclusion from the Kwashiokor study?

A

The gut microbiota was responsible for propagating the severe and acute undernutrition

41
Q

Describe the results of the study?

A
  • Malawian twins; one fed well, one poorly
  • Intervention: both given theraputic food
  • Both twins had an increase in variability whilst on the food
  • After food was removed, only the previously healthy twin maintained the variability of the microbiota
42
Q

What did a switching of diet bring about in mice?

A

Rapid change in the diversity of the microbiota

43
Q

What happens to the metabolism of mice with Kwashiorkor microbiota?

How?

A

Reduced TCA cycle

A product from the microbiota inhibits enzymes in this cycle

44
Q

What is inflammatory bowel disease?

A

A general name for diseases such as:
• Crohn’s disease
• Ulcerative colitis

MIIM20002 - Microbes, Infections, Responses (32 decks)

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