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MIMM211 > LECTURE 15 > Flashcards

LECTURE 15 Flashcards

1
Q

what is recombination?

A

rearrangement of nucleic acid to produce a new nucleotide sequence

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2
Q

what is homologous recombination? (HR)

A

recombination between two similar (homologous) sequences

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3
Q

what is crossing over?

A

exchange of homologous pieces of DNA

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4
Q

what is horizontal gene transfer?

A

transfer of genes or DNA pieces from one organism from one to another

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5
Q

what is vertical gene transfer?

A

transfer of DNA from parent cell to daughter cell

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6
Q

picture that shows the difference between vertical and horizontal

A
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7
Q

what are different ways that DNA recombination happens in bacteria?

A
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8
Q

how does crossing over work? (HR)

A
  1. double stranded break
  2. RecBCD recognises the break and it has a helicase and an exonuclease activity
  3. RecA like protein and accessory proteins bind and the crossing over happens
  4. DNA polymerase 3 and ligase seal the gaps
  5. branch migration proteins are also present
  6. resolvase resolves the HR in two different ways:
    spliced and patched
    patched contains an exchange of DNA, while spliced does not
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9
Q

how does non reciprocal recombination work?

A
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10
Q

what are characteristics of bacterial plasmids?

A
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11
Q

what are the different types of plasmids?

A
  1. fertility factors (conjugative plasmids)
  2. resistance factors (can carry 1-8 different antibiotic resistance genes)
  3. col plasmids (bacteriocins/colicins, which secrete antibacterial peptides that can kill other cells, this helps the bacteria to take over the environment)
  4. virulence plasmids (produce toxins and resist the host defenses)
  5. metabolic plasmids (carry enzymes)
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12
Q

what are different ways of bacterial gene transfer?

A
  1. conjugation (sex pilus, cell-cell contact, plasmid transfer)
  2. DNA transformation (linear DNA or plasmid taken from environment)
  3. transduction by bacteriophages
    infect the cell, replicate inside, burst the cell open and go to infect other cells and they might contain the host DNA
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13
Q

what are the different outcomes of bacterial gene transfer?

A

all depends on the amount of homology

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14
Q

how does the fertility factor work?

A
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15
Q

what is an episome?

A

a genetic element inside some bacterial cells,
that can replicate independently of the host and also in association with a chromosome with which it becomes integrated.

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16
Q

how does bacterial conjugation work

A
17
Q

how does rolling circle replication work

A
18
Q

what does the sex pilus do?

A

reaches from an F+ cell to a F- cell
it brings the two cells together so that a pore can be formed where conjugation will happen (the conjugation does NOT happen through the sex pili)

19
Q

how do bacteria take up linear DNA by transformation?

A
  1. DNA fragment binds to the membrane
  2. cut by endonuclease into smaller fragments of 5-15kb
  3. passes through the membrane
  4. exonuclease degrades one strand, so that you are left with single stranded DNA which can either
  5. integrate into the host chromosome if there is enough homology (stable transformation)
  6. if there is no homology the linear DNA will be degraded to make an unsuccessful transformation
20
Q

how do bacteria take up other plasmids by transformation?

A

plasmids can be directly picked up by the bacteria
creates stable transformation since the plasmid just independently from the stable chromosome

21
Q

how does transduction work?

A

MIMM211 (30 decks)

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