Lecture 15

Question 1

virus replication

Answer 1

reverse transcribes itself into host DNA causing the host to produce multiple copies of the virus

Question 2

Bacteria replication

Answer 2

binary fission where a parent splits into 2 daughter cells with identical DNA and are therefore, clones.

Question 3

Protist replication

Answer 3

binary fission where a parent splits into 2 daughter cells with identical DNA and are therefore, clones. Or budding where new individual grows from parent body before breaking off.

Question 4

Algae replication

Answer 4

Spores, fragmentation and sexual reproduction.

Question 5

Robert Hooke

Answer 5

1664 came up with ‘cell’ idea by looking at microscopic structures of blue mould. 30x magnification

Question 6

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

Answer 6

1684, came up with first evidence of bacteria and protists. developed powerful microscopes (300x)

Question 7

Louis Pasteur

Answer 7

disproved spontaneous generation (living creatures could arise from nonliving matter) in favour of germ theory where he determined that bacteria and microorganisms were causing spoilage. Using a swan neck flask and regular one, he added broth, heated them and let them sit. The regular flask tuned cloudy, indicating spoilage while the other one was fine as the microorganisms had collected in the s bend, demonstrating that microbes are airborne and cannot generate on sterile surfaces.

Question 8

Koch

Answer 8

1) microorganism must be present in the infected tissue
2) the microorganism must be able to be cultivated in isolation of the host
3)When an uninfected is inoculated with the culture, it should develop similar symptoms
4) the second microbial culture should be identical as the first.

Question 9

Penicillin

Answer 9

Penicillin mould grew on a Petri dish of Staphylococcus bacteria. The mould seemed to be preventing the bacteria around it from growing it was soon identified that the mould produced a self-defence chemical that could kill bacteria.

Question 10

Normal flora

Answer 10

40 trillion microbial cells. they are on specific sites, specialised for those sites, acquired at birth and environment.

Question 11

Benefits of micobiota

Answer 11

increase digestive capacity, contribute to adaptive immunity, functional neuro-endocrine signalling pathways, developed enteric nervous system.

Question 12

Cons of micobiota

Answer 12

infectious diseases are the most common cause of sickness. however, dysbiosis sickness may occur.

Question 13

Pathogens

Answer 13

Organism causing disease to host

Question 14

tuberculosis

Answer 14

Bacterial infection of the lungs causes cough