Lecture 14 - The Lower Extremity Flashcards

1
Q

what 3 joints are in the lower extremity?

A
  • the hip
  • the knee
  • the ankle
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2
Q

what is the hip joint? what movement is here?

A
  • head of proximal femur with acetabulum of pelvis
  • acetabulum is a deep socket
  • large ROM on all 3 planes (hard to dislocate)
  • lower pressure in the joint, hard to relocate
  • NO TRANSLATION (unless dislocating)
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3
Q

what are the large ligaments at the hip? (6)

A
  • ligamentum teres
  • acetabular labrum (deepens socket, negative pressure with water tightness)
  • iliofemoral ligament (Y-shaped)
  • pubofemoral ligament
  • ischiofemoral ligament
  • articular capsule (water-tight connective tissue sheet)
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4
Q

what muscles act on the hip joint to stabilize the femoral head? (6)

A
  • tensor fascia lata
  • gluteus medius, maximus and minimus
  • 6 external rotators
  • adductors
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5
Q

how does iliotibial band syndrome occur?

A
  • hip abductors (glut med and min) pull at IT band
  • causes pain at the back of the knee
  • gets inflamed due to loading with every step
  • pain arises from hip abductor overuse
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6
Q

what is the knee joint? what motion occurs here?

A
  • articulation between the distal femur and the proximal tibia
  • flexion and extension on the sagittal plane
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7
Q

what are the ligaments at the knee joint? (5)

A
  • lateral collateral and medial collateral
  • anterior cruciate and posterior cruciate
  • oblique popliteal ligament
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8
Q

what is the role of collateral ligaments?

A
  • stop rotation on the frontal plane
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9
Q

what is the role of cruciate ligaments?

A
  • stop translation forward and backward
  • crucius = cross (so there is no lever arm)
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10
Q

what is the meniscus?

A
  • a tight cartilage ring
  • surrounds the tibial plateau
  • spreads the load between the femur and tibia
  • reduces pressure
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11
Q

what are the 2 joints at the ankle?

A
  • talocrural joint
  • talocalcaneal joint (subtalar)
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12
Q

what movement occurs at the talocrural joint?

A
  • dorsiflexion and plantar flexion
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13
Q

what movement occurs at the subtalar joint?

A
  • eversion and inversion
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14
Q

what ligaments are at the ankle joint? (13)

A
  • Anterior tibiofibular
  • anterior talofibular
  • dorsal tarsometatarsal
  • intermetatarsal
  • talocalcaneal
  • posterior talofibular
  • posterior tibiofibular
  • tibiocalcaneal
  • anterior tibiotalar
  • tibionavicular
  • tarsometatarsal
  • plantar calcaneonavicular
  • posterior tibiotalar
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15
Q

what plane(s) does inversion/eversion occur at?

A
  • frontal and transverse
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16
Q

what are the mobilizers of the ankle? (11)

A

Tom Dick and Harry (flexors)
- tibialis posterior
- digitorum longus
- hallicus longus
- gastroc
- soleus
- popliteus
- tibialis
- peroneus longus
- peroneus brevis
- peroneus tertius
- digitorum longus (extensor)

17
Q

what can you use to measure postural positioning?

A
  • pressure pads