Lecture 14 - Clinical disorders of the auditory system Flashcards
name the 2 types of hearing loss
conductive and sensorineural
in which 2 locations can conductive hearing loss occur? which types of things can cause it?
in middle ear and ear canal, glue ear, wax, otitis media
in which 3 locations can sensorineural hearing loss occur?
cochlea, auditory nerve, central pathways
which 3 things can cause sensorineural hearing loss in the cochlea?
age, noise damage, drugs
which 2 things can cause sensorineural hearing loss in the auditory nerves?
noise overexposure, auditory neuropathies
what can cause sensorineural hearing loss in the central auditory pathways?
bilateral strokes
at which frequency is there a notch on the graph in noise induced hearing loss?
4 kHz
which fibres can be selectively damaged from noise overexposure in cochlear synpatopathy?
high SR fibres
which wave of ABR is diminished in cochlear synaptopathy?
wave I
give the clinical name for age related hearing loss
presbyacusis
name the 3 types of age related hearing loss and the shape of their curves on an audiogram
metabolic - flat
sensory - high frequency slope
auditory nerve - not reflected (similar to cochlear synaptopathy)
name an uncommon hearing loss disease which has the reverse shape of the curve of age related hearing loss on a frequency slope
meniere’s disease
name 5 signs of homeostatic plasticity/processes in the brain and ear that compensate for hearing loss
loudness recruitment, central gain, central noise, tonotropic map changes, increased use of memory and predictions
where does loudness recruitment begin in the ear during homeostatic plasticity?
cochlea
increased central gain can be perceived as what to the individual?
tinnitus
what does central gain aim to correct?
input from external sounds and internal noise
what is the difference between central noise and central gain, giving a condition example for each?
noise = additve, tinnitus
gain = multiplicative, hyperacusis
sensorineural hearing loss can be described as reduced flow from the ……… but increased flow to it
the auditory cortex
give 3 ways in which hearing loss can be restored
hearing aids, cochlear implant, auditory mid brain implant
name 4 clinical disorders resulting from hearing loss
tinnitus, musical hallucinosis, hyperacusis, dementia
what are the 4 popular theories of tinnitus brain mechanisms?
central gain, central noise, filling in from auditory memory, altered auditory predictions
why does tinnitus remain?
brain must decide whether to accept increased activity in auditory pathway or ignore it as noise, once accepted, brain learns to predict tinnitus hence it remains
give an example of a syndrome where muscial hallucinosis is present
charles-bonnet
what is hyperacusis?
the experience of moderately loud sounds as uncomfortably loud
name 5 factors which hyperacusis is associated with
hearing loss, middle age and older, autism, migraine, neurological disorders
