Lecture 14- cardiovascular system goes wrong

Question 1

Name 6 drug treatments for hypertension

Answer 1

1. Thiazide diuretics
2. B-Adrenoreceptor Antagonists (B blockers)
3. a-Adrenoreceptor Antagonists (alpha blockers)
4. Voltage-gates Ca2+ channel anatagonists
5. Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors- ACE inhibitors
6. Angiotensin II receptor antagonists

Question 2

Name 5 problems that hypertension is a major risk factor for?

Answer 2

1. Atherosclerosis- fatty plaques
2. Stroke
3. Heart failure
4. Renal failure
5. Aneurysms- weakness in walls of arteries, particularly the aorta

Question 3

What is Atherosclerosis?

Answer 3

Atheroma (fatty plaque) in walls of blood vessels. Caysed by damage to endothelium. Majoy cause of death in developed countries

Question 4

What is Arteriosclerosis?

Answer 4

• Hardening and thickening of artery walls.
• Loss of tissue elasticity (natural ageing)
• Clinically significant when due to atherosclerosis

Question 5

What problems can atherosclerosis cause?

Answer 5

1. Lipid accumulation
2. Plaque narrows lumen, restricting blood
3. Arterial remodelling and neovessels during compensatory enlargement- leads to aneurysm and rupture
4. Fragments of plaque detach and cause thrombis (clot) in small vessels.

Question 6

What are 3 treatments of Atherosclerosis?

Answer 6

1. Statins- (inhibit liver making cholesterol)
2. Fibrates- (lower LDL and increase HDL)
3. Bile acid-binding resins - (lower LDL cholesterol)

Question 7

What are 4 treatments of coronary artery disease?

Answer 7

1. Balloon angioplasty and stenting
2. Ca-channel blockers- cause vasodilation
3. Organic nitrates- cause vasodilation
4. B-blockers- decrease CO. (b-adrenoreceptor antagonists

Question 8

WHat are the 2 valvular defects?

Answer 8

1. Regurgitation- inadequate closure so backflow.
2. Stenosis- inadequate opening- obstructs flow

Question 9

What is arythmia?

Answer 9

Deviation of the heart’s normal sinus rythm

Question 10

What’s bradycardia?

Answer 10

Resting heart rate of lower than 60 bpm

Question 11

What is tachycardia?

Answer 11

Resting heart rate of aboce 100 bpm

Question 12

What are the causes of tachycardia?

Answer 12

1. Sinus tachycardia- increased impule from SAN
2. Non- sinus tachycardia- additional impulses to normal cycle. Caused by heart damage, results in atrial fluttering

Question 13

What are the treatments of heart failure?

Answer 13

1. Digitalis glycosides- increase force of contraction, decrease vagal conduction
2. DIuretics
3. Ace inhibitors
4. AGII blockers
5. Aldesterone blockers
6. B- adrenorecpetor anatagonists

Question 14

What are the 2 types of hypertension and what are their causes?

Answer 14

1. Essential (idiopathic) hypertension-
   unknown causes, linked to genetics, alcohol, obesity
2. Secondary hypertension
   Caused by:
   Kidney disease
   Endocrine disorders
   Adrenal medulla disease

Question 15

How do these treatments for hypertension work?

1. Thiazide Diuretics
2. B-adrenoreceptor antagonists
3. Voltage-gates Ca+ channel antagonists
4. Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors
5. Angiotensin II receptor anatagonists
6. Alpha- adrenoreceptor antagonists

Answer 15

1. Increase loss of sodium ions and water from kidneys. Reduces volume, reduces venous return, reduces CO
2. Decreases cardiac output, decreases SNS activity, decreases renin release.
3. Inhibits membrane depolarization, decreases CO, causes vasodilation
4. INhibits action of angiotensin II (which is a vasoconstrictor) on aldesterone production, so prevents renal Na + H2O absorption.
5. Inhibits action of angiotensin II.
6. Reduces Total peripheral resistance by inhibiting noradrenaline action.