Lecture 13: Substance-use Disoders Flashcards
Why do people use substances? (4)
- To produce pleasure
- To reduce pain
- To explore reality
- To escape reality
Substance use is _____ and also _____-_______
Ancient and cross cultural
DSM-5 defines substance use disorder as:
A constellation of behaviors involved in compulsive drug seeking (and it includes 4 things)
What are the 4 things included in compulsive drug seeking behaviors?
- Impaired control of substance use
- Impaired social interactions with others because of substance use
- Risky drug use
- Pharmacological changes
What are some typical characteristics of the addictive process (12).
- Start in adolescence of early adulthood and is chronic
- Progressive narrowing of behavioral repertoires
- Continuing despite negative consequences
- Subjective experiences of craving, anticipation, excitement
- Progressive increase in tolerance
- Physical and psychological discomfort from withdrawal
- Tendency to relapse
- Behavior substitutions, i,e., during recovery, alternative addictions often develop
- Neglect areas of life other than addictive behavior
- Difficulties with self-concept and self-esteem
- Psychological defense like denial and rationalization
- Conflicts with others regarding addictive behavior
Risk factors for developing a substance use disorder include (14) List is as many as you can
- Childhood neglect or abuse
- Trauma
- Poverty
- Substance availability
- Lack of adult supervision
- Heredity
- Social isolation
- Being male
- Having an older sibling who uses substances
- Having peers who use substances
- Family conflict
- Using substances with severe withdrawal symptoms
- Personality traits
- Other mental health problems
Personality risk factors for developing a substance use disorder (6)
- Low levels of conscientious ness
- Low levels of agreeableness
- high levels of neuroticism
- High levels of sensation-seeking
- High levels of impulsivity and disinhibition
- Antisocial traits
Some personality traits are protective factors against developing a substance use disorder, including (2)
- High levels of extraversion
- High levels of inhibition
Substance use disorders are often ____ with other mental health problems
Comorbid
COMORBIDITY
People use substances to “self-medicate” in response to other mental health problems eg. (3)
- Depression
- Anxiety
- Trauma
Substance use increases the activity of the ______ ______ in depression
REWARD SYSTEM
A cardinal feature of depression is the _______ reward system and the ____ ___ _______
Under active
Lack of pleasure
A cardinal feature of anxeity is an _________ threat system
OVERACTIVE
Substance use often ______ the activation of the threat system
DECREASES
Cardinal features of trauma related disorders include an ________ reward system and a ________ threat system
UNDERACTIVE
OVERACTIVE
Reward system dysregulation results in (3)
- Restlessness
2.Emptiness - Anhedonia
Emotion dysregulation results in (2)
- Negative emotion
- Emotional instability
Behavioural disinhibition results in (1)
Prioritizing short term rewards over long term rewards
eg. Prioritizing pleasure over health
Substance use disorders are largely a consequence of _______ ________
EVOLUTIONARY MISTMATCH
Evolutionary mismatch
Discrepancies between ancestral and modern environments that contribute to maladaptive behaviors in modern environments
In ancestral environments the reward system contributed to (3) because it oriented and motivated humans to pursue _______ eg. Food, social alliances, sex, care giving
- Health
- Survival
- Reproduction
Pursue rewards!
In modern environments the reward system also contributes to the orientation and motivation to pursue rewards eg. (3) that diminish (3)
- High fat/high sugar foods
- Alcohol
- Drugs
- Health
- Survival
- Reproduction
Who is more likely to develop substance use disorders between men and women?
MEN