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BIOC192 2022 > lecture 13 - protein activation & inhibition 1 > Flashcards

lecture 13 - protein activation & inhibition 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are some common compounds that may inhibit or activate proteins?

A

hormones, neurotransmitters, drugs, toxins, poisons

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2
Q

What are the common steps in protein activation or inhibition?

A

Substance travels from source, binds to protein, activation/inhibition, changes to cellular response due to functional change

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3
Q

What are protein receptors?

A

Cellular proteins that control chemical signalling between and within cells

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4
Q

What is the difference between enzymes and receptors in terms of active sites?

A

Enzymes generally have 1, while receptors can have several

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5
Q

What is the difference between enzymes and receptors in terms of what they bind?

A

Enzymes bind substrates while receptors bind ligands

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6
Q

What is the difference between enzymes and receptors in terms of release of the bound substance?

A

Enzymes change substrate into product, while receptors release ligands unchanged

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7
Q

Where are receptors and enzymes found in a cell?

A

Membrane bound or free in cytosol

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8
Q

What are the 3 main classes of receptor?

A

Ligand-gated ion channels, G Protein Coupled Receptors (GPCR), Receptor tyrosine Kinase (RTK)

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9
Q

What is the name for a chemical that binds to a receptor?

A

A ligand

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10
Q

Where are endogenous ligands produced?

A

Inside the body

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11
Q

Where are exogenous ligands produced?

A

Outside the body, e.g. drugs and toxins

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12
Q

What are the 3 types of receptor signalling used by locally-produced chemical substances?

A

Synaptic, paracrine, autocrine

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13
Q

What type of receptor signalling is used by chemical substances produced at a distant site to the receptor (i.e. hormones)?

A

Endocrine

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14
Q

What is synaptic signalling?

A

The presynaptic cell produces a chemical that is received by a specific post-synaptic cell that expresses the receptor

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15
Q

What is paracrine signalling?

A

A cell produces a chemical that is received by receptors on a number of neighbouring cells

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16
Q

What is autocrine signalling?

A

A cell excretes a chemical that is received by receptors expressed on the same cell

17
Q

What is endocrine signalling?

A

A cell produces a chemical, it is transported via the blood stream, and is received by a distant cell expressing the appropriate receptor

18
Q

Where are the majority of receptors found, and why?

A

The outer cell membrane, so they can act as sensors of the extracellular environment without the ligands having to pass into the cell

19
Q

What is ligand specificity?

A

Receptors and ligands have specificity, so only certain ligands match the corresponding receptor’s binding pocket

20
Q

What is the name for a ligand that is able to bind to and activate a receptor?

A

An agonist

21
Q

How do agonists activate receptors?

A

They bind, the receptors undergoes a conformational change

22
Q

What happens when a membrane receptor has been a activated by an agonist ligand?

A

Active receptor starts a chain of events where messengers are passed on thorough the cell via signal transduction

23
Q

What is the name for a ligand that binds to a receptors and prevents activation by an agonist?

A

Antagonist

24
Q

What is an antagonist ligand?

A

A ligand that binds to a receptor and blocks agonist binding to inhibit signal transduction

25
Q

What is the signal transduction mechanism of adrenaline in the lungs?

A

Adrenaline acts as an agonist to activate the B-adrenergic receptor (GPCR), resulting in signal transduction that causes bronchodilation

26
Q

What is the signal transduction mechanism of insulin?

A

Insulin acts as an agonist to activate an insulin receptor (a RTK), resulting in signal transduction and then glucose uptake

27
Q

What receptor does adrenaline act on to cause bronchodilation?

A

beta-adrenergic (a GPCR)

28
Q

What type of receptor is beta-adrenergic

A

GPCR

29
Q

What receptor does insulin act on to increase glucose uptake?

A

Insulin receptor

30
Q

What type of receptor is an insulin receptor?

A

RTK receptor

BIOC192 2022 (37 decks)

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