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Developmental Psychology > Lecture 12: Family > Flashcards

Lecture 12: Family Flashcards

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1
Q

family system theory

A

assumes that the family is a system in which all parts influence each other
- dynamic system that adapts to changes in the environment

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2
Q

traditional nuclear family

A

consists of a father, mother, and at least one child

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3
Q

co-parenting

A

the ways in which two parents coordinate parenting

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4
Q

family life cycle

A

a sequence of changes in family composition, roles, relationships, and developmental tasks
- not only is the family a system that changes, but the world it lives in changes too

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5
Q

social changes taking place

A
  • more single adults
  • more delayed marriages
  • more unmarried parents
  • fewer children within families
  • more working mothers
  • more divorces
  • etc.
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6
Q

parents indirect effect

A

parents have an indirect effect on their children by influencing their partner’s behavior
- direct effect occurs when the mother or father directly influences the baby’s development
- indirect effect occurs when the relationship between 2 family members is influenced by a third family member

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7
Q

parental acceptance-responsiveness

A

refers to the extent to which parents are warm, supporting, and sensitive to their children and offer them affection

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8
Q

parental demanding-control

A

refers to how much control the parent wants to have over the choices the child makes
- monitor the child strongly and have many strict rules

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9
Q

4 parenting styles

A
  • authoritarian parenting
  • authoritative parenting
  • permissive parenting
  • neglectful parenting
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10
Q

authoritarian parenting

A

a restrictive parenting style, where parents are demanding and controlling, not very accepting and responsive
- many rules, demand a lot of obedience, and rely on power relations

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11
Q

authoritative parenting

A

these parents are more flexible, have reasonable demands but are also controlling, but are also sensitive towards their children
- clear consistent rules, but also explain the rules and involve their children
- show respect for their child

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12
Q

permissive parenting

A

high degree of acceptance and responsiveness, and few demands and control
- very focused on their children, have few rules and make few demands
- encourage children to express their feelings and impulses

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13
Q

neglectful parenting

A

there is little acceptance-responsiveness and little demanding-control
- do not really care for their children and can be hostile
- become overwhelmed by their own problems that they don’t have energy to show love
- creates the worst developmental outcomes for children

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14
Q

SES impact on parenting

A

parents with lower SES show a more authoritarian parenting style

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15
Q

explanations for why differences in SES cause differences in parenting styles

A
  • financial stress
  • investment in resources
  • cultural values and socialization goals
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16
Q

family stress model

A

focuses on the negative effects of financial stress on the mental health of parents

17
Q

parent effect model

A

assumes that influences flow from the parents to the child, particularly via the mother
- parents can be held responsible for the behavior of children

18
Q

child effects model

A

emphasizes the influences that a child exerts on the parent
- e.g. the genetics and personality of a child influence the parenting style

19
Q

interaction model

A

the characteristics of the parents and of the child combined influence the child’s development
- aggressive behavior is developed when a child has a genetic predisposition to it, and when it is brought up in the wrong environment

20
Q

transactional model

A

the effects of parents and children influence each other, causing both to change in response
- child problems can develop when the relationship between parents and child is poor

21
Q

sibling rivalry

A

children show competition, jealousy, and disdain towards each other

22
Q

4 main functions of siblings

A
  • emotional support
  • caring
  • learning
  • social experience
23
Q

gaining autonomy during adolescence

A

the ability to make independent choices and control life’s tasks without being entirely dependent on someone else

24
Q

child abuse

A

the mistreatment or harming of a child, whether physical, emotional, or sexual

25
Q

partner violence

A

the most common form of family violence worldwide
- 1/3 of women are beaten, forced to have sex, or emotionally abused by their partners

26
Q

the abuser in child abuse

A

often is a young mother who has several children, lives in poverty, has no job, and no partner
- very often have been abused themselves
- intergenerational transmission of parenting

27
Q

intergenerational transmission of parenting

A

over generations you pass on the parenting style

28
Q

the abused child

A

some children are at greater risk than others of being abused
- e.g. children with medical problems or children with difficult temperaments

29
Q

factors that influence parenting styles

A
  • genes
  • education of parents
  • SES
  • environment
  • culture
30
Q

helicopter parents

A

exert a degree of control and support that is developmentally inappropriate for adolescents and young adults, tend to be overly involved
- has negative effects on the child such as negative self-image, higher narcissism, more frequent use of medication for anxiety and depression, etc.

31
Q

positive parenting

A

based on Skinnerian principles of reinforcement
- can have long-term positive effects on both the child’s behavior and the parents’ adjustment

32
Q

psychological control

A

using guilt and gratitude to control behavior

33
Q

time-out

A

child is removed from the environment that offers positive reinforcement
- discussion takes place on negative consequences of time-out

34
Q

resilience

A

a dynamic development process in which positive adaptation takes place despite traumatic events or serious setbacks

35
Q

traits of resilient children

A
  • talented/creative outlets
  • good social and intellectual skills
  • have at least one close and caring relationship
  • have an optimistic worldview and self-efficacy
  • have a belief/sense of meaning in life
  • have good genes
36
Q

Seery et al. (2010)

A

found that people with a history of some adversity in life reported better mental health than both people with a large history of adversity and people with no history of adversity
- some adversity in life is beneficial for developing resilience

Developmental Psychology (13 decks)

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