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Midterm anatomy exci 254 > Lecture 11 - Special senses > Flashcards

Lecture 11 - Special senses Flashcards

1
Q

general senses refers to sensation of (6)

A 
Pain
Temperature
Touch
Pressure
Vibration
Proprioception
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2
Q

Special senses (4)

A

Smell
Taste
Vision
Hearing and equilibrium

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3
Q

Olfaction + types of cells

A

The sense of smell

  1. Olfactory receptor cells
  2. Supporting cells
  3. Basal stem cells
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4
Q

Bipolar neurons
Sites of olfactory transduction
Respond to chemical stimulation of an odorant molecule - initiate the olfactory response
Single axons project through cribiform plate into the olfactory bulb

A

Olfactory receptor cells

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5
Q

Columnar epithelial cells which line the nose
Provide physical support, nourish, and insulate the olfactory receptor cells
Help detoxify the chemicals which come in contact with the olfactory epithelium

A

Supporting cells

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6
Q

Innervation of the supporting cells

A

CN VII - facial

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7
Q

Innervation of the olfactory receptor cells

A

CN I - olfactory

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8
Q

Lies between the bases of the supporting cells

Continually undergo cell division to produce new olfactory receptor cells

A

Basal stem cells

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9
Q

Characteristics of the basal stem cells (3)

A
  • 1 cell lives +/- 1 month
  • # decreases with age
  • decreased sensitivity with age
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10
Q

Gustation + classes of stimuli distinguished

A

The sense of taste

  1. sour
  2. sweet
  3. bitter
  4. salty
  5. umami (savory)
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11
Q

Location of the taste buds

A

Tongue, soft palate, pharynx and larynx

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12
Q

Each taste bud has:

A

Supporting cells
Gustatory receptor cells
Basal cells

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13
Q

Taste buds are housed in papillae (4 types)

A

circumvallate (vallate)
fungiform
foliate
filiform

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14
Q

Cranial nerves involved in the gustatory pathway

A

VII, IX, X

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15
Q

Accessory structures of the eye

A

Eyelids, eyelashes, eyebrows, lacrimal apparatus, extrinsic eye muscles

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16
Q

Eyelids structures

A

Levator palpabra superioris muscle
Palpabral fissure
Lateral and medial commissure
Lacrimal caruncle

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17
Q

Action of levator palpabra superioris muscle

A

Opens up upper eyelid

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18
Q

Palpabral fissure

A

Space between upper/lower eyelid

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19
Q

Lateral and medial commissure

A

Corner where the eyelids join in each corners

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20
Q

Lacrimal caruncle

A

Contains sebaceous glands and sudoriferous glands (oil and sweat)

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21
Q

Layers of eyelid (superficial to deep)

A 
Epidermis
Dermis
Subcutaneous tissue
Orbicularis oculi muscle
Tarsus
Conjunctiva (palpabrae part)
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22
Q

Functions of eyelashes/eyebrows

A

Protect eyeball from foreign objects
Protect eyeball from perspiration (sweat)
Protect eyeball from direct rays from sun

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23
Q

Function of lacrimal apparatus

A

Produce and drain lacrimal fluid (tears)

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24
Q

Tears content

A

Watery solution containing:

  • salts
  • mucous
  • lyzosyme
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25
Q

Function of tears

A

Protect, clean, lubricate/moisten

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26
Q

Associated structures of the lacrimal apparatus

A 
Lacrimal glands
Lacrimal (excretory) ducts
Lacrimal punctum
Lacrimal canals
Lacrimal sac
Nasolacrimal duct
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27
Q

Extrinsic muscles of the eye (6)

A 
Superior rectus
Inferior rectus
Lateral rectus
Medial rectus
Superior oblique
Inferior oblique
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28
Q

Action of superior rectus m.

A

Moves eyeball superiorly and medially

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29
Q

Action of inferior rectus m.

A

Moves eyeball inferiorly and medially

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30
Q

Action of lateral rectus m.

A

Abducts eyeball

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31
Q

Action of medial rectus m.

A

Adducts eyeball

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32
Q

Action of superior oblique m.

A

Moves eyeball inferiorly and laterally

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33
Q

Action of inferior oblique m.

A

Moves eyeball superiorly and laterally

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34
Q

3 layers of the eyeball

A
  1. Fibrous tunic
  2. Vascular tunic
  3. Retina
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35
Q

Superficial layer of the eyeball

Anterior cornea + posterior sclera

A

Fibrous tunic

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36
Q

Anterior cornea (2 things)

A

Transparent

Helps focus light onto the retina

37
Q

Posterior sclera (2 things)

A

“White” of the eye

Gives shape and protect inner parts of eyeball

38
Q

Intermediate layer of the eyeball

A

Vascular tunic

39
Q

3 parts of the vascular tunic

A
  1. Choroid
  2. Ciliary body
  3. Iris
40
Q

Choroid

A

Provides nutrients to retina

41
Q

Ciliary body

A

Ciliary processes

Ciliary muscle

42
Q

Iris

A

Responds to changes in light levels

Circular vs radial muscles

43
Q

What needs to be done by the eye to focus on something close (3)

A
  • Lens more round
  • Ligaments need to loosen
  • Ciliary muscles contract
44
Q

What needs to be done by the eye to focus on something far (3)

A
  • Lens need to be more flat/oval
  • Suspensory ligaments need to be more stretched
  • Ciliary muscles need to be relaxed
45
Q

Action of pupil in bright light

A

pupil constricts as circular muscles of iris contract (parasympathetic) = radial muscles relax

46
Q

Action of pupil in dim light

A

pupil dilates as radial muscles of iris contract (sympathetic) = circular muscles relax

47
Q

Innermost layer of the eyeball

48
Q

Retina consists of:

A 
Pigment epithelium (non-visual portion)
Neural portion (visual portion)
49
Q

Pigment epithelium

A
  • Sheet of melatonin containing epithelial cells

- Melanin also found in the choroid

50
Q

Neural portion

A
  • Multi-layered part which processes the visual data before transmitting nerve impulses to the thalamus
51
Q

3 layers in the neural portion

A

Photoreceptor layer
Bipolar cell layer
Ganglion cell layer

52
Q

2 other types of cells in the neural portion

A

Horizontal and amacrine cells

53
Q

2 types of photoreceptors

A

RODS and CONES

54
Q

RODS

A

Low light treshold

Allow us to see in dim light

55
Q

CONES

A

Stimulated by brighter light

Produce color vision

56
Q

Other associated structures of the retina

A

Macula lutea
Fovea centralis
Optic disc

57
Q

Fovea centralis

A

Contains only cones

Sharpness of vision

58
Q

Optic disc

A

Blind spot

No rods or cones

59
Q

Lens (7)

A 
Avascular
Posterior to pupil and iris
Composed of protein (crystallins)
Normally transparent
Held in place by suspensory ligament
Fine tunes focusing of light rays
Facilitates clear vision
60
Q

Interior of the eyeball

A

Anterior cavity and posterior cavity

61
Q

Anterior cavity (aqueous humor)

A

Anterior chamber

Posterior chamber

62
Q

Posterior cavity

A

Vitrous humor

63
Q

Visual pathway in the retina

A

Beginning of significant processing of the visual signals
Axons of the retinal ganglion cells provide output from the retina to the brain
Rods and cones will release neurotransmitters which lead to the generation of nerve impulses

64
Q

Visual pathway in the brain

A

Axons of optic nerve pass through optic chiasma
Some fibers cross to the opposite side, others remain uncrosses
The fibers then form the optic tract, enter the brain and terminate in the thalamus
Optic radiations project to visual areas in the occipital lobes of the cerebral cortex (after synapsing in the thalamus)

65
Q

Ear is divided into 3 regions

A

External ear
Middle ear
Internal ear

66
Q

Parts of the external ear (3)

A

Auricle
External acoustic meatus
Tympanic membrane

67
Q
  1. Auricle
A 
Helix
Antihelix
Tragus
Antitragus
Lobule
Concha
68
Q
  1. External acoustic meatus
A

Lies in the temporal bone

Specialized oil glands secrete ear wax

69
Q
  1. Tympanic membrane
A

Thin, semi-transparent membrane between auditory canal and middle ear
Covered by epidermis

70
Q

3 bones of the middle ear

A

Malleus (hammer)
Incus (anvil)
Stapes (stirrup)

71
Q

Middle ear

A

Lies in temporal bone

Air filled cavity lined with epithelium

72
Q

Ossicles - malleus

A

Articulates with tympanic membrane and incus

73
Q

Ossicles - incus

A

Articulates with stapes and malleus

74
Q

Ossicles - Stapes

A

Articulates with incus and sits on oval window

75
Q

Muscles attaching to ossicles

A

Tensor tympani muscle

Stapedius muscle

76
Q

Bone and hyaline cartilage
Connects middle ear and nasopharynx
Allows air to enter/leave the middle ear until pressure in middle ear = atmospheric pressure

A

Eustachian tube

77
Q

2 parts of inner ear

A

Outer bony labyrinth

Inner membranous labyrinth

78
Q

Parts of outer bony labyrinth

A

Semi-circular canals
Vestibule
Cochlea
Contains perilymph

79
Q

Parts of inner membranous labyrinth

A

Utricle and saccule
Semi-circular duct
Contains endolymph

80
Q

2 branches of the vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)

A

Vestibular branch

Cochlear branch

81
Q

Vestibular branch

A

Sensory and motor
Ampullar, utricular and saccular nerves
Synapse with the receptor cells for equilibrium

82
Q

Cochlear branch

A

Sensory

Hearing

83
Q

Location of cochlea

A

Anterior to vestibule

84
Q

3 divisions of the cochlea

A

Scala vestibule
Scala tympani
Cochlear duct

85
Q

Scala tympani and vestibuli connect at _____

A

Helicotrema

86
Q

Vestibular membrane of the cochlea

A

Separates cochlear duct from scala vestibuli

87
Q

Basilar membrane of the cochlea

A

Separates cochlear duct and scala tympani

88
Q

Organ of Corti

A

Rests on basilar membrane
Coiled sheet of epithelial cells
- 16 000 hair cells
- synapse with sensory and motor neurons from the cochlear branch of CN VIII

Midterm anatomy exci 254 (8 decks)

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