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Midterm anatomy exci 254 > Lecture 11 - Special senses > Flashcards

Lecture 11 - Special senses Flashcards

1
Q

general senses refers to sensation of (6)

A 
Pain
Temperature
Touch
Pressure
Vibration
Proprioception
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2
Q

Special senses (4)

A

Smell
Taste
Vision
Hearing and equilibrium

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3
Q

Olfaction + types of cells

A

The sense of smell

  1. Olfactory receptor cells
  2. Supporting cells
  3. Basal stem cells
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4
Q

Bipolar neurons
Sites of olfactory transduction
Respond to chemical stimulation of an odorant molecule - initiate the olfactory response
Single axons project through cribiform plate into the olfactory bulb

A

Olfactory receptor cells

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5
Q

Columnar epithelial cells which line the nose
Provide physical support, nourish, and insulate the olfactory receptor cells
Help detoxify the chemicals which come in contact with the olfactory epithelium

A

Supporting cells

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6
Q

Innervation of the supporting cells

A

CN VII - facial

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7
Q

Innervation of the olfactory receptor cells

A

CN I - olfactory

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8
Q

Lies between the bases of the supporting cells

Continually undergo cell division to produce new olfactory receptor cells

A

Basal stem cells

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9
Q

Characteristics of the basal stem cells (3)

A
  • 1 cell lives +/- 1 month
  • # decreases with age
  • decreased sensitivity with age
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10
Q

Gustation + classes of stimuli distinguished

A

The sense of taste

  1. sour
  2. sweet
  3. bitter
  4. salty
  5. umami (savory)
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11
Q

Location of the taste buds

A

Tongue, soft palate, pharynx and larynx

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12
Q

Each taste bud has:

A

Supporting cells
Gustatory receptor cells
Basal cells

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13
Q

Taste buds are housed in papillae (4 types)

A

circumvallate (vallate)
fungiform
foliate
filiform

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14
Q

Cranial nerves involved in the gustatory pathway

A

VII, IX, X

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15
Q

Accessory structures of the eye

A

Eyelids, eyelashes, eyebrows, lacrimal apparatus, extrinsic eye muscles

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16
Q

Eyelids structures

A

Levator palpabra superioris muscle
Palpabral fissure
Lateral and medial commissure
Lacrimal caruncle

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17
Q

Action of levator palpabra superioris muscle

A

Opens up upper eyelid

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18
Q

Palpabral fissure

A

Space between upper/lower eyelid

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19
Q

Lateral and medial commissure

A

Corner where the eyelids join in each corners

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20
Q

Lacrimal caruncle

A

Contains sebaceous glands and sudoriferous glands (oil and sweat)

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21
Q

Layers of eyelid (superficial to deep)

A 
Epidermis
Dermis
Subcutaneous tissue
Orbicularis oculi muscle
Tarsus
Conjunctiva (palpabrae part)
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22
Q

Functions of eyelashes/eyebrows

A

Protect eyeball from foreign objects
Protect eyeball from perspiration (sweat)
Protect eyeball from direct rays from sun

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23
Q

Function of lacrimal apparatus

A

Produce and drain lacrimal fluid (tears)

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24
Q

Tears content

A

Watery solution containing:

  • salts
  • mucous
  • lyzosyme
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25
Function of tears
Protect, clean, lubricate/moisten
26
Associated structures of the lacrimal apparatus
``` Lacrimal glands Lacrimal (excretory) ducts Lacrimal punctum Lacrimal canals Lacrimal sac Nasolacrimal duct ```
27
Extrinsic muscles of the eye (6)
``` Superior rectus Inferior rectus Lateral rectus Medial rectus Superior oblique Inferior oblique ```
28
Action of superior rectus m.
Moves eyeball superiorly and medially
29
Action of inferior rectus m.
Moves eyeball inferiorly and medially
30
Action of lateral rectus m.
Abducts eyeball
31
Action of medial rectus m.
Adducts eyeball
32
Action of superior oblique m.
Moves eyeball inferiorly and laterally
33
Action of inferior oblique m.
Moves eyeball superiorly and laterally
34
3 layers of the eyeball
1. Fibrous tunic 2. Vascular tunic 3. Retina
35
Superficial layer of the eyeball | Anterior cornea + posterior sclera
Fibrous tunic
36
Anterior cornea (2 things)
Transparent | Helps focus light onto the retina
37
Posterior sclera (2 things)
"White" of the eye | Gives shape and protect inner parts of eyeball
38
Intermediate layer of the eyeball
Vascular tunic
39
3 parts of the vascular tunic
1. Choroid 2. Ciliary body 3. Iris
40
Choroid
Provides nutrients to retina
41
Ciliary body
Ciliary processes | Ciliary muscle
42
Iris
Responds to changes in light levels | Circular vs radial muscles
43
What needs to be done by the eye to focus on something close (3)
- Lens more round - Ligaments need to loosen - Ciliary muscles contract
44
What needs to be done by the eye to focus on something far (3)
- Lens need to be more flat/oval - Suspensory ligaments need to be more stretched - Ciliary muscles need to be relaxed
45
Action of pupil in bright light
pupil constricts as circular muscles of iris contract (parasympathetic) = radial muscles relax
46
Action of pupil in dim light
pupil dilates as radial muscles of iris contract (sympathetic) = circular muscles relax
47
Innermost layer of the eyeball
Retina
48
Retina consists of:
``` Pigment epithelium (non-visual portion) Neural portion (visual portion) ```
49
Pigment epithelium
- Sheet of melatonin containing epithelial cells | - Melanin also found in the choroid
50
Neural portion
- Multi-layered part which processes the visual data before transmitting nerve impulses to the thalamus
51
3 layers in the neural portion
Photoreceptor layer Bipolar cell layer Ganglion cell layer
52
2 other types of cells in the neural portion
Horizontal and amacrine cells
53
2 types of photoreceptors
RODS and CONES
54
RODS
Low light treshold | Allow us to see in dim light
55
CONES
Stimulated by brighter light | Produce color vision
56
Other associated structures of the retina
Macula lutea Fovea centralis Optic disc
57
Fovea centralis
Contains only cones | Sharpness of vision
58
Optic disc
Blind spot | No rods or cones
59
Lens (7)
``` Avascular Posterior to pupil and iris Composed of protein (crystallins) Normally transparent Held in place by suspensory ligament Fine tunes focusing of light rays Facilitates clear vision ```
60
Interior of the eyeball
Anterior cavity and posterior cavity
61
Anterior cavity (aqueous humor)
Anterior chamber | Posterior chamber
62
Posterior cavity
Vitrous humor
63
Visual pathway in the retina
Beginning of significant processing of the visual signals Axons of the retinal ganglion cells provide output from the retina to the brain Rods and cones will release neurotransmitters which lead to the generation of nerve impulses
64
Visual pathway in the brain
Axons of optic nerve pass through optic chiasma Some fibers cross to the opposite side, others remain uncrosses The fibers then form the optic tract, enter the brain and terminate in the thalamus Optic radiations project to visual areas in the occipital lobes of the cerebral cortex (after synapsing in the thalamus)
65
Ear is divided into 3 regions
External ear Middle ear Internal ear
66
Parts of the external ear (3)
Auricle External acoustic meatus Tympanic membrane
67
1. Auricle
``` Helix Antihelix Tragus Antitragus Lobule Concha ```
68
2. External acoustic meatus
Lies in the temporal bone | Specialized oil glands secrete ear wax
69
3. Tympanic membrane
Thin, semi-transparent membrane between auditory canal and middle ear Covered by epidermis
70
3 bones of the middle ear
Malleus (hammer) Incus (anvil) Stapes (stirrup)
71
Middle ear
Lies in temporal bone | Air filled cavity lined with epithelium
72
Ossicles - malleus
Articulates with tympanic membrane and incus
73
Ossicles - incus
Articulates with stapes and malleus
74
Ossicles - Stapes
Articulates with incus and sits on oval window
75
Muscles attaching to ossicles
Tensor tympani muscle | Stapedius muscle
76
Bone and hyaline cartilage Connects middle ear and nasopharynx Allows air to enter/leave the middle ear until pressure in middle ear = atmospheric pressure
Eustachian tube
77
2 parts of inner ear
Outer bony labyrinth | Inner membranous labyrinth
78
Parts of outer bony labyrinth
Semi-circular canals Vestibule Cochlea Contains perilymph
79
Parts of inner membranous labyrinth
Utricle and saccule Semi-circular duct Contains endolymph
80
2 branches of the vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)
Vestibular branch | Cochlear branch
81
Vestibular branch
Sensory and motor Ampullar, utricular and saccular nerves Synapse with the receptor cells for equilibrium
82
Cochlear branch
Sensory | Hearing
83
Location of cochlea
Anterior to vestibule
84
3 divisions of the cochlea
Scala vestibule Scala tympani Cochlear duct
85
Scala tympani and vestibuli connect at _____
Helicotrema
86
Vestibular membrane of the cochlea
Separates cochlear duct from scala vestibuli
87
Basilar membrane of the cochlea
Separates cochlear duct and scala tympani
88
Organ of Corti
Rests on basilar membrane Coiled sheet of epithelial cells - 16 000 hair cells - synapse with sensory and motor neurons from the cochlear branch of CN VIII

Midterm anatomy exci 254 (8 decks)

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