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BiOl111 > Lecture 11: Cnidarian & Platyhelmenthes > Flashcards

Lecture 11: Cnidarian & Platyhelmenthes Flashcards

1
Q

Embryonic Development

A

the development of a zygote and the emergents of a multicellular organism

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2
Q

zygote

A

diploid cell resulting from union of haploid gametes

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3
Q

embryo

A

young animal or plant while it is still contained within protective structure

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4
Q

Two major processes of Embryonic Development

A

Cleavage: first cell divisions in the embryo (one cell, two cells, 8 cells, morula)
Gastrulation: in-folding, invagination (forming about 2-3 embryonic tissue layers from the first layers of the cell) (morula, blastula, early gastrula, late gastrula)

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5
Q

Gastrula

A

have germ layers

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6
Q

Ecdoderm

A

outer layer of gastrula

- epidermis, nervous system`

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7
Q

Mesoderm

A

middle skin

- internal organs (muscles, skeletal systems, heart, stomach)

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8
Q

Endoderm

A

lining of digestive tract and respiratory system

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9
Q

Archenteron

A

“old gut”

- excretes enzymes into this space

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10
Q

blastopore

A

the opening of gastrula

- can be mouth or anus

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11
Q

Importance of gastrula

A

gives rise to tissue and gut

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12
Q

Types of symmetry

A
  1. Asymmetrical
  2. Radially symmetrical (along one plane)
  3. Bilaterally symmetrical (cut through eyes)
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13
Q

Cnidaria Characteristics

A
  • jellyfish, corals, hydrozoans etc
  • marine
  • carnivorous
  • diploblastic
  • have nervous and muscular tissues
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14
Q

Cnidarian body forms

A

polyp (sessile), or medusa (motile)

- most life cycles include both forms

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15
Q

How do cnidarians get energy?

A

use cnidocytes to capture prey (inject them with venom), digest them in extracellular cavity
- in corals they get energy from symbiont; algae

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16
Q

Cnidarian nervous system

A
  • get info from all directions
  • little to no processing of info
  • have direct lines of communication between sensors and effectors
17
Q

Hydrozoa

A

polyp is dominant

  • freshwater
  • move by gliding
  • ex. Portuguese man of war (have pneumatophores, cause life threatening reactions)
18
Q

Scyphozoa

A

JELLYFISH!!!!!!
medusa is dominant, polyp is reduced
- have mesoglea (jelly like substance)
- eaten by leatherback turtles (i.e they cant feel the stings)
ex. cassiopeia (UPSIDE DOWN JELLYFISH!!!!)
- symbiotic relationship with algae
- tolerates low oxygen
- gets oxygen and nutrients from the algae

19
Q

Anthozoa

A

polyp phase dominant (NO medusa at all)

ex. sea anemones
- retract tentacles in defence
- symbiotic relationship with anemone fish
ex. coral
- mutualistic relationship with zooxanthellae
- secrete CaCO3 (reefs)

20
Q

Coral Bleaching

A

when coral expelled algae that live in their tissues

- colour fades over time

21
Q

Protostomes

A
  • blastopore develops into mouth
  • have anterior brain
  • ventral nerve cord
  • triploblastic
22
Q

Platyhelmenthes

A

FLAT WORMS!

  • can be terrestrial or aquatic
  • move by cilia
  • have blind gut
  • take up O2 and CO2 by diffusing it through their thin bodies
23
Q

Cephalization

A
  • linked to movement
  • concentration of neurons and sensory structures at anterior end which allow them to feel for the environment

Sensory structures include:

  • mechanoreceptors (touch)
  • chemoreceptors (taste/smell)
  • photoreceptors (light)
24
Q

Platyhelminthes: Nervous system

A
  • have longitudinal nerve cords

- have cerebral ganglion (concentration of neurons, “primitive brain”)

25
Q

Turbella

A
  • type of Platyhelminthes
  • have a lot of stem cells (which allow them to regenerate)
  • anterior end develops into head
  • reproduce asexually by fission and sexually (hermaphroditic)
26
Q

Monogenea

A
  • ectoparasites

- have flat body with suckers that allow them to attach to host

27
Q

Trematoda

A
  • endoparasite
  • go into blood vessels of intestine
  • has primary host (someone that goes through sexual reproduction) and an intermediate host (shorter transitional stage)
28
Q

Cestoda

A
  • tapeworms
  • endoparasite
  • found in intestines of vertebrates
  • have scolex (suckers/hooks)
  • have proglottids (reproductive segments)
  • no mouth or digestive system
  • protective cuticle forms around embryos, terminal proglottids break off and are passed via feces
29
Q

What is the advantage of a nervous system?

A
  • movement around the environment (as compared to the sponge)
  • allows you to latch onto things and make a new life.

BiOl111 (26 decks)

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