Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

VET380 > Lecture 11 > Flashcards

Lecture 11 Flashcards

1
Q

What factors reduce the level of calcium absorption that occurs within the diet?

A
  1. High fat diets
  2. Phytates and oxalates
  3. High Ca intake
  4. Very high or very low levels of potassium
  5. Vitamin D deficiency
    + also occurs more often within older animals
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are some clinical symptoms from a calcium deficiency?

A
  1. Bone defects (Rickets in young animals + osteomalacia (older animals) + NSH
  2. Soft beaks and thin egg shells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the three bone disorders that arise from a calcium deficiency in the diet?

A
  1. Rickets
  2. Osteomalacia
  3. NSH (nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the conditions that occur in the diet as a result of hypocalcaemia?

A
  1. Milk tetany
  2. Hypocalcaemia
  3. Thumps/SDF or myopathies in horses
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the causes of hypocalcaemia in cattle, dogs and cats?

A
  1. Early lactation

2. Oestrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the causes of hypocalcaemia in sheep?

A
  1. Late pregnancy

2. Off feed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the causes of hypocalcaemia in horses?

A
  1. Heavy sweating

2. Transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the treatment for hypocalcaemia?

A

Calcium (eg. calcium borogluconate) given slowly intravenously

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the actual causes of hypocalcaemia in cattle around the time of calving?

A
  1. Ca loss in colostrum beyond the capacity of Ca absorption from gut and mobilisation from tissues
  2. Impaired Ca absorption from gut around calving due to reduced feed intake
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the delay time for the action of calcitriol?

A

Delay of about 16 to 24 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the effect of over supplementation of calcium within the diet?

A

The over-supplementation of calcium impairs PTH secretion. Low PTH causes poor Ca absorption from gut and bone this leads to poor reabsorption in the kidney.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the effect of low magnesium in the diet and what is the significance of it?

A

Low plasma Mg reduces PTH and hence calicfitriol production. Hence both hypocalcaemia and hypomagnesaemia both occur concurrently

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Complete the statement below:

Plasma Ca falls faster when diet K is _(high/low/adequate)______

A

high

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the three clinical stage signs in cattle?

A

Stage 1: excitement/tremors
Stage 2: Sternal recumbency
Stage 3: lateral recumbancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the best diagnostic test for hypocalcaemia?

A

Response to treatment with calcium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What other treatments can be given to animals with hypocalcaemia?

A
  • Anti-inflammatory for muscle soreness
  • P and Mg may be necessary for animals in complicated cases
  • Nursing care necessary for animals remaining down after treatment
17
Q

What treatment options are available for preventing relapse of hypocalcaemia?

A
  1. Oral salts given subcutaneously
  2. Oral calcium chloride
  3. Manage further Ca losses
18
Q

How can periparturitient hypocalcaemia be managed?

A
  1. Decrease the dietary calcium prior to parturition
  2. Feed a DCAD transition diet (acid-base)
  3. Provide Vitamin D supplements in diet
19
Q

What is the goal of a DCAD diet and how does this limit metabolic acidosis?

A

A transition diet aims to induce a mild metabolic acidosis. This results in a negative DCAD that improves gut absorption and improves bone reabsorption of Ca by osteoclasts.

20
Q

What ions will increase the DCAD of the diet?

A

Na and K

21
Q

What ions will decrease the DCAD of the diet?

A

Cl and S

22
Q

What dietary factors contribute to hypocalcaemia within sheep?

A
  • Grazing of cereal crops (low Ca)
  • Oxalate pastures (bioavailability)
  • Reduced feed intake
  • Mostly affects pregnant ewes
23
Q

What are some factors that will predispose dogs to hypocalcaemia?

A
  1. High meat diets

2. Lactation - large litters and in small breeds

24
Q

What are the causes of hypocalcaemia within horses?

A
  1. Stress
  2. Ca and Mg lost in sweat
  3. Alkalosis
25
Q

What are common risk factors for rickets?

A
  1. Vitamins D deficiencies

2. Calcium - either inadequete Ca and P (or an imbalanced Ca:P diet)

26
Q

What is Nutritional Secondary Hyperparathyroidism (NSH)?

A
  1. Prolonged Ca deficiency

2. Ca:P imbalance (should be 1:1 and 2: 1)

27
Q

Why does NSH occur?

A
  1. Low calcium in diet triggers the release of PTH that then triggers Vitamin D (calicfitriol) release. These both act to increase calcium reabsorption from the bone.
28
Q

What is a safe level of oxalate intake from the pasture?

A

The total oxalate intake should not exceed 0.5% of DM in the diet.

VET380 (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions