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Physiology > Lecture 11 > Flashcards

Lecture 11 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the characteristics of the endocrine system?

A
  • slow long lasting
  • involuntary
  • hormones (cells very far apart)
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2
Q

how are endocrine system hormones transmitted?

A
  • blood vessels
  • lymph vessels
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3
Q

what are the characteristics of the nervous system?

A
  • rapid
  • voluntary and involuntary control
  • neurotransmitters (close, cells to cells)
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4
Q

both the endocrine and nervous system use what to target cells?

A

extracellular chemical messages and receptors

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5
Q

In cell to cell chemical signaling, where are the receptors located?

A

cytoplasm and plasma membrane

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6
Q

what is the difference between autocrine, paracrine, endocrine and exocrine?

A

autocrine- chemicals that exert effects ON THE SAME CELLS that secrete them
paracrine - chemicals released by cells that effect OTHER NEARBY CELLS
endocrine - secretion into the blood for signaling WITH CELLS FAR AWAY
exocrine - secretion into the external environment THROUGH A DUCT, usually epithelium
- not part of endocrine system?

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7
Q

how many glands are there?

A

20

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8
Q

name the 9 endocrine glands?

A
  • pineal gland
  • hypothalamus
  • pituitary gland
  • thyroid gland
  • parathyroid gland
  • adrenal gland
  • pancreas
  • ovary
  • testes
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9
Q

what are the 2 main catagories of hormones?

A
  1. Amino acid based hormones
    - hydrophilic - amino acid derivatives, peptides, and proteins
  2. steroids
    - hydrophobic - synthesized from cholesterol
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10
Q

what receptor does amino acid hormones use?

A

g protein coupes receptor (GPCR)

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11
Q

How does amino acid hormones use to signal?

A
  • hormone binds to receptor
  • binds to a g protein
  • receptor activates G protein
  • g protein activates adenylate cyclase
  • adenylate cyclase converts ATP to cAMP (2nd messenger)
  • cAMP activates protein kinase
  • inactive protein kinase and active protein kinase
  • phosphorlylated proteins to trigger responses of target cells
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12
Q

How does steroid hormones use to signal?

A
  1. hormone diffuses through plasma membrane and binds an intracellular receptor (cytosolic or nuclear receptor)
  2. the receptor-hormone complex enters the nucleus
  3. the receptor-hormone complex binds to specific DNA region
  4. Binding initiates transcription of gene to mRNA
  5. The mRNA directs protein synthesis
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13
Q

what determines the strength of the signal?

A
  1. Amount of available hormone
    • amount released - hyposecretion and hypersecretion
    • rate of breakdown
  2. number of receptors
    • hyporesponsiveness and hyper-responsiveness
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14
Q

what are primary pathology?

A

damage occurs to the last gland in the pathway (endocrine glands the end)

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15
Q

what are the secondary pathology?

A

damage occurs to a secretion prior to the last gland in the pathway

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16
Q

What controls the hormone release?

A
  1. blood levels of hormones
    - vary only within narrow, desirable range
    - most often controlled by negative feedback
  2. stimulus
17
Q

what are the 3 types of stimuli?

A

Humoral, neural and hormonal stimuli

18
Q

what are the alterd levels of certain critical ions or nutrients in the Humoral stimulus?

A

glucose, o2, Na, Ca, K, thrombocytes

19
Q

In the parathyroid glands what is the stimulus of the humoral stimuli?

A

low concentration of Ca in capillary blood

20
Q

what hormone increased blood ca levels? what gland?

A

parathyroid hormone
- parathyroid gland

21
Q

In the adrenal gland what is the simulus of the Neural stimulus?

A

action potentials from sympathetic fibers to adrenal medulla

22
Q

What hormone increses the fight or fight response? what gland?

A

norepinephrine and epinephrine (fight or flight response)
- adrenal gland

23
Q

What is a tropic hormone?

A

hormone released controlled by another hormone

24
Q

In the anterior pituitary what is the stimulus of the hormonal stimulus?

A

hormone from hypothalamus
- anteior pituitatry gland secretes hormones that stimulate other exocrine glands to secrete hormones
(thyroid gland, adrenal cortex, gonads) ??

25
Q

what is another name for the pituitary gland?

A

hypophysis
- 2 lobes anterior and posterior pituitary

26
Q

anterior pituitary is what tissue?

A

glandular tissue

27
Q

posterior pituitary is what tissue?

A

neural tissue

28
Q

Tropic hormones are what hormones?

A

hypothalmic hormones

29
Q

what are the target tissue for hypothalmic hormone?

A

anterior pituitary

30
Q

What are the 6 hypothalmic hormone?

A
  1. Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)
  2. Growth hormone Inhibiting hormone (GHIH
  3. Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)
  4. Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)
  5. Gonadotropin released hormone (GnRH)
  6. Prolactin inhibiting hormone (PIH)
    all hormones are protein hormones except PIH (amino acid)
31
Q

What are the 6 anterior pituitary hormone?

A
  1. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
  2. Luteinizing hormone (LH)
  3. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) aka corticotropin
  4. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) aka Thyrotropin
    ^^^ all tropic hormones
  5. prolactin (PRL)
  6. Growth hormone (GH)
    BUT ALL ARE PROTEIN HORMONES
    - all except GH activate cyclic AMP second messenger system through G protein coupled receptors
32
Q

What do FSH hormones do?

A
  • Stimulates gemete production (egg and sperm) by stimulating GRANDULOSA CELLS (female) and SERTOLI CELLS (male)
  • (granulosa and sertoli cells have receptors for both FSH and steroids hormone)
33
Q

What do LH hormones do?

A
  1. promotes production of gonadal hormones
    • THECA cells make androgens, GRANULOSA cells convert androgens to estrogen and LEYDIF cells make testosterone
  2. BOTH FSH AND LH (granulosa and sertoli cells have receptors for both FSH and steroids hormone)
  3. spike triggers ovulation (release of egg)
34
Q

What do FSH and LH both do?

A

BOTH lead to maturation of human eggs and sperm (granulosa and sertoli cells have receptors for both FSH and steroids hormone)

35
Q

what happens during Gonadotropin Regulation?

A
  1. the gonadotopin releasing hormone promotes
  2. FSH and LH
  3. Gonadal hormones (estrogens, testosterone)

Physiology (9 decks)

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