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Physiology > Lecture 15 > Flashcards

Lecture 15 Flashcards

1
Q

hearing and balance depends on _____ of stereocilla?

A

mechanical bending

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2
Q

what are the properties of sound?

A
  1. sound and 2.pitch
  2. Sound
    - pressure disturbances produced by a vibrating object (altering areas of high and low pressure)
    - consists of many waves that pass a given point in a given time
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3
Q

What is the property of pitch?

A
  1. perception of different frequencies
    normal range 20 - 20,000 hertz (hz, cycles per second)
    - higher frequency = higher pitch
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4
Q

how does sound get to the inner ear?

A
  • sound enters external ear
  • sound transmission to middle ear
  • stapes transmits sound through the oval window
  • sound passes through cochlear duct (to move stereocilia)
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5
Q

where are sound waves transmitted?

A

into the cochlear duct causing the bending of Stereocilia

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6
Q

The stereocilia are protrude into _____ and the longest are connected to the gel like ______?

A

into the endolymph, into the tectorial membrane

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7
Q

how does the bending toward the tallest stereocila?

A
  • opens mechanically gated ion channels
  • activates K+ and Ca+ current causing depolarization
    (graded potential and release of glutamate)
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8
Q

How does bending away from the tallest stereocilia?

A
  • closes mechanically gated ion channels
  • hyperpolarization inhibits release of glutamate
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9
Q

cochlear nerve fibers transmit impulses where?

A

The brain

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10
Q

fibers near the oval window produce what sound?

A

(short and stiff)
- resonate with high frequency

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11
Q

fibers near apex (or away) from the oval window produce what sound?

A

(longer more floppy)
- resonate with lower frequency waves

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12
Q

The pitch of the sound is determined by where the stereocilia are on what?

A

based on the positions along the basilar membrane

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13
Q

How can loudness be detected?

A

by an increased number (frequency) of action potentials in the activated position
- (louder noise means greater amplitude and stereocilia remain in the activated position for a longer period of time)

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14
Q

What is sensorineural deafness?

A

damage to neural structures at any point from
- cochlear hair cells to auditory cortex
typically from gradual hair cell loss (loud noises, music)

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15
Q

what is tinnitus?

A

ringing in ears, in some cases damaged hair cells keep sending signals to the brain
- still hearing b/c of hair cells are still dropping neurotransmitters

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16
Q

what is conduction deafness?

A

blocked sound conduction to fluids of inner ear
causes:
- impacted ear wax
- perforated eardrum
- otosclerosis of the ossicles (hardening of the ossicles) elderly
- otitis media (middle ear infection)

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17
Q

What is otits media? causes and treatement?

A

middle ear infection
- cause of hearing loss in children
- shorter, more horizontal Eustachian tubes
Treatment?
- with antibiotics
- tubes are inserted through tympanic membrane

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18
Q

What does hearing aids do compared to cochlear implant?

A

hearing aids = amplifies sound
cochlear:
- bone conduction = passes through bone to tell inner ear
- cochlear implant = passes through all to tell cochlear with electrode on it to hear

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19
Q

What helps us with equilibrium and balance?

A

Saccule and utricle (macula)

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20
Q

Central cavity of the bony labyrinth contains what 2 membrane sacs?

A

Saccule - continuous with the cochlear duct
utricle - continuous with semicircular canals

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21
Q

Saccule and Utricle house what?

A

linear equilibrium receptor region (macula)
- respond to gravity and changes in position in head

22
Q

What do the Semicircular Canals do in response to movement?

A
  • rotational movement
  • lie in 3 planes of space
  • membranous semicircular ducts line each canal
23
Q

Ampulla of each canal houses rotational equilibrium receptor region called?

A

Crista ampullaris

24
Q

what is kinocilium and stereocilia?

A

Both are the longest stereocilium and are embedded in the otolith membrane
- studded with otoliths (tiny CaCO3 stones)

25
Q

where do stereocilia point by the utricle and sacula?

A

Utricle = superiorly
Saccule = laterally

26
Q

Hair cells synapse with ___ nerve fibers?

A

Vestibular

27
Q

what movements does the Utricle respond to?

A

horizontal movements
- tinting head side to side
- forward direction

28
Q

What movements does the Saccule respond to?

A

responds to vertical movements
- jumping up and down

29
Q

At rest does the macula release neurotransmitter continuously?

A

yes, the movement motifies amount they release
- therefore the brain is informed of changing position of head
- (slow steady tonic release) tempo

30
Q

What is the sensory receptor for rotational acceleration in semicircular canals?

A

The Crista Ampullaris (crista)

31
Q

Where is the ampula?

A

at the bottom of the semicircular canal
- ampulla is a swelling at the base of each canal

32
Q

What is the major stimulus of the Crita? or the crista ampullaris?

A

rotational movements

33
Q

the hair cells in the crista extend into where?

A

gel like mass called capula

34
Q

what is the function of the crista at rest?

A

at rest
- the capula sticks out straight into the endolymph

35
Q

What is the function of the crista during rotational acceleration?

A

during rotational acceleration
- the endolymph bends the capul in the opposite direction if rotation and depolarizes the cell

36
Q

What is the function of the crista after gaining inertia?

A

after gaining inertia
- rapid stop causes endolymph to keep moving in the direction of the rotation, and capula bends in the opposite direction

37
Q

Describe the activation of the smell receptors?

A
  1. odorant binds to its receptors
  2. receptor activates g protein (golf)
  3. g protein activates Adenylate Cyclase
  4. Adenylate Cyclase converts ATP to cAMP
  5. cAMP opens a channel causes Na and Ca influx
    - membrane depolarization and exocytosis of glutamate
38
Q

What there is Ca influx what appends to smell?

A

olfactory adaptation
- decreased response to sustained stimulus

39
Q

What receptors are taste?

A

thermoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, and nociceptors
- can influence taste

40
Q

where is fungiform, foliate and vallate papillae found?

A

fungiform - top of tongue
foliate vallate - on side wall of tongue

41
Q

On the taste bud what are the 2 types of cells?

A

50 - 100
1. Gustatory
2. Basal
- both epithelial cells

42
Q

how is gustatory cells different then basal cells?

A
  1. gustatory
    - taste cell
    - microvilli (gustatory hairs are receptors)
    - 5 different neurotransmitters
  2. Basal
    - dynamic stem cells that replace gustatory epithelial cells every 7-10 days
43
Q

What are the 5 taste sensations?

A
  • salty
  • sour
  • sweet
  • bitter
  • unami (savory)
44
Q

what does salty taste detect?

A

metal ions (inorganic salts)

45
Q

what does sour taste detect?

A

H ions in solution (malic, ascorbic, and citric acid)

46
Q

what does sweet taste detect?

A

sugars, saccharin, alcohol, and some amino acids

47
Q

what does bitter taste detect?

A

alkaloids (plant based alkaline compounds) such as quinine and nicotine; also asprin

48
Q

what does umami taste detect? (savory)

A

amino acids glutamate, and aspartate

49
Q

how does binding of good chemical depolarize taste cell membrane? (tastant)

A

leading the neurotransmitter release eliciting action potentials on sensory neuron

50
Q

When faced with salty taste the gustatory cell depolarizes and is caused by what?

A

tastes due to Na influx (directly causes depolarization
- neurotransmitter = unknown

51
Q

When faced with sour taste the gustatory cell depolarizes and is caused by what?

A

taste due to H+ (blocks K, or opens Na or Ca channels)
- neurotransmitter: serotonin, GABA, norepinephrine

52
Q

When faced with sweet, bitter , and umami taste the gustatory cell depolarizes and is caused by what?

A

are coupled to the G protein
- gustducin ehich depolarizes the membrane through numerous pathways
- neurotransmitters (ATP or acetylcholine)

Physiology (9 decks)

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