Blood Composition

Question 1

what percentage is plasma?

Answer 1

55%

Question 2

what make up the formed elements?

Answer 2

leukocytes, thrombocytes, erythrocytes

Question 3

what is hematocrit? %%

Answer 3

is the percent of blood that is erythrocytes
- 45%

Question 4

how many erythrocytes are in 1 L of blood, 1 mL, 1nanoM?

Answer 4

1L of blood = 4-6 trillion
1mL = 4-6 billion
1 nano M = 4-6 million

Question 5

how many leukocytes/WBC are in 1 L of blood, mL, and 1 nano M?

Answer 5

1L = 4-11 billion
1mL = 4-11 million
1 nano M = 4-11 thousands

Question 6

What are the physical characteristics of blood? size, viscosity, color, ph, volume?

Answer 6

sticky, opaque fliud wit metallic taste (iron)
viscous (3-4 times thicker than water)
color: high o2 = ruby —- red low o2 = dark red
pH = 7.2 - 7.5
average volume?
females 4-5L
males are 5-6L

Question 7

what is the difference of plasma and serum?

Answer 7

plasma - took the blood out and separated it
Serum - removed the clotting factor
serum is plasma without the clotting factor proteins

Question 8

what are the 3 plasma proteins?

Answer 8

Albumin (60%)
Globulin (36%)
Fibrinogen (4%)

Question 9

how many thrombocytes are in 1 L of blood, mL, and 1 nano M?

Answer 9

1L = 150-450 billion
1mL = 150 - 450 million
1 nano m = 150-450 thousand

Question 10

what plasma proteins maintain osmotic pressure?

Answer 10

Albumin Globulin

Question 11

what plasma protein carries ions, and hydrophobic molecules?

Answer 11

albumin
Globulin

Question 12

what plasma protein is a blood clotting factor?

Answer 12

globulin
Fibrinogen

Question 13

what plasma protein is made in the liver?

Answer 13

all 3
Globulin
albumin
Fibrinogen

Question 14

Where are the blood proteins made in?

Answer 14

The liver

Question 15

antibodys or (____) are made by what?

Answer 15

immunoglobulins made by B lymphocytes

Question 16

what is a Comprehensive Metabolic Profile/Panel (CMP)

Answer 16

a blood chemistry analysis to diagnose problems
ex: liver and kidney disease

Question 17

what does a Complete blood count test for?

Answer 17

checks all formed elements and hemoglobin (NOT PLASMA)

Question 18

what is the hematocrit?
Hemostasis?
hemoglobin

Answer 18

it is a test for anemia (low) or polycythemia (high) = Test for RBC
hemostasis = (blood clotting)
hemoglobin - carries oxygen

Question 19

what are

Question 20

what are the characteristics of RBC ? transports?

Answer 20

biconcave,
no nucleus,
no organelles
anaerobic production of ATP
transports : o2 co2 H+ - also co2 by accident

Question 21

hemoglobin structure?

Answer 21

1 hemoblobin = 4 heme = 4 iron = 4 oxygen

Question 22

what are the adult globin polypeptides?
fetal globin polypeptides?

Answer 22

2 alpha 2 beta = adults
2 alpha 2 gamma = fetus

Question 23

what is oxyhemoglobin different than deoxyhemoglobin?

Answer 23

oxyhemoglobin = oxygen in the blood 02 loading in the lungs = ruby red
deoxyhemoglobin = no oxygen o2 loading in the tissue = dark red

Question 24

what is carbominohemoglobin, different then carbon monoxide posiening?

Answer 24

carboinohemoblobin - co2 loading in the tissues
- 20-30% of co2 in blood binds to globin porteins
Carbon monoxide poisoning binds to iron in the heme (hard for 02 to carry since iron is bocked)

Question 25

what is the effect of EPO on erythropoiesis? abuse?

Answer 25

EPO increases circulation of the reticulocyte = (making more RBC)
athletes have a risk with artificial EPO causing there blood to thicken

Question 26

what is the life cycle of RBC?

Answer 26

• made in bone marrow
• maro momomers + Iron + vitamin B12 and B9 (folic acid)
• hemocyblasts
• proerythroblast
• ejects the nucleus (15 days later…)
• reticulocyte enters the blood stream
• turns into an erythrocyte 2 days later
• 100-120 days later
• it ends in the spleen
• Macrophages Engulfs RBC

Question 27

what items get recycled in RBC life?

Answer 27

Iron
globin chains
- both metabolized into amino acids

Question 28

how does heme play a role in kidey and liver health?

Answer 28

heme gets degraded into bilirubin
gets processed in the liver
secreted into bile
and degraded more into the SI
degreated to colorless urobiliogen and stercobilin

Question 29

what is screened in a urinalysis ?

Answer 29

bilirubin and urobilinogen
increased levels may be a sign of damage or internal bleeding excessive RBC rupture

Question 30

increased levels of internal bleeding, and excessive RBC rupture is a sign of what?

Answer 30

increased levels of of bilirubin and urobilinogen
accumilation of bilirubin in skin and eyes (jaundice)
local accumilation occurs after bruising

Question 31

What are the 2 anemias that is due to blood loss?

Answer 31

hemorrhagic Rapid Blood loss
- treatment: blood transfusion and stop bleeding
Chronic - slow blood loss
- treatment: blood transfusion and stop bleeding

Question 32

what are the 3 anemias that are due to RBC production?

Answer 32

1. Iron Deficiency - low iron
   microcytic and mycrobromic = (small cells and low color)
   - treatment: iron supliment - taken with vit C = increased absorbtion
2. Pernicious - autoimmune destruction of cells that make intrinsic factor
   - treatment: injection of B12 = intrinsic factor increases b 12 absorbtion
3. Aplastic: destruction of red bone marrow (common in cancer patients)
   - ST treatment: blood transfusion
   - LT treatment: Bone marrow transpant

Question 33

what is hemolytic anemia, polycythemia vera and polycythemia secondary?

Answer 33

hemolytic - RBC are broken to early - lys to early
example: is thalassemias - changing in structure (sickle cell anemia)
polycythemia vera - too many RBC - genetic
polycythemia secondary - more in elderly - blood doping - high altitude

Question 34

what is sickle cell anemia?

Answer 34

oen amino acid modification causing b chains glutamic acid (hydrophilic) change to a Valine (hydrophobic)
crest shape occurs when there is unload of 02 or a blood o2 is low (low o2 strestches the membrane)
sickle cells die/breakdown up after 10-20 days

Question 35

does sickle cell enhance malaria survival?

Answer 35

YES,
transmission is from people near the equator
-sickle cell gene = have the gene
2 copies - sickle cell anemia (both parents) fewer cells sickle
1 copy - sickle cell trait (one parent)
- treatment (Blood transfussion)

Question 36

ON
LECTURE 9

Answer 36

lkn