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Physiology > Cell Structure and Function > Flashcards

Cell Structure and Function Flashcards

1
Q

What are the Organic Elements?

A

Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Phosphorous
Sulfer
(CHONPS)

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2
Q

What are the 2 categories of inorganic elements?

A

Macro and Trace

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3
Q

what are the macro inorganic elements?

A

Na +
K +
Ca++
Mg++
Cl-

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4
Q

what are the trace inorganic elements?

A

Cr
Fe
Cu
Zn
Mn
F
I

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5
Q

what are the 5 organic molecules?

A

Macromolecules
Vitamins
Neurotransmitters
Hormone
Drugs

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6
Q

what are the macromolecules?

A

Proteins
Lipids(fat)
Nucleic acid
Carbohydrates

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7
Q

what are amphiphilic molecules?

A

Contains both hydrophobic and hydrophilic domains

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8
Q

what s the most concentrated source of stored energy?

A

triglyceride (neutral)

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9
Q

how many amino acids are used to construct proteins?

A

20

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10
Q

What makes a molecule organic?

A
  • Have at least 1 C-H bond
  • large and complex
  • CHOMPS
    ex: carbohydrates, sweat, proteins
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11
Q

What makes a molecule inorganic?

A
  • No C-H bond
  • small and simple
  • major and trace
  • has charges
    Cations = loose electrons
    Anions = gain electrons
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12
Q

Ionic bonds?

A

metal and a non metal

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13
Q

Hydrogen bonds?

A

only N,O,F bonded to a H

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14
Q

Covalent bonds?

A

2 nonmetals (share electrons)

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15
Q

polar covalent?

A

With charge (Pulls charge)

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16
Q

Non polar covalent?

A

everything is even charges

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17
Q

With water PRESENT what is the strongest bond?

A

Covalent (strongest)
Ionic
Hydrogen

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18
Q

W/o Water present what is the strongest bond?

A

Ionic (strongest)
Covalent
Hydrogen

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19
Q

what are hydrophobic molecules?

A
  • Lipids
  • cholesterol
  • proteins (both)
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20
Q

what are hydrophilic molecules?

A

POLAR
- Carbohydrates
- nucleic acid
- waters
- proteins (both)

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21
Q

why is Water important?

A
  • unequal sharing of e- = Polar
  • hydrogen doesnt hog as much electrons = more + (protons)
  • opposites attract
  • charges on other molecules drawn to a + an - on H20
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22
Q

explain the process of transcription?

A

In the nucleus
- DNA to mRNA

23
Q

Explain the process of translaton?

A

Cytosol (ribosomes)
mRNA to Proteins

24
Q

What are the 2 pathways mRNA can go to become a protein?

A
  1. RER
  2. free floating ribosome
25
Q

What are the places a protein can go after they are in the RER?

A

Proteins goes through the golgi apparatas then to
- Other organelles
- cell membrane
- Exocytosis

26
Q

What are the places a protein can go after they are in the free floating ribosome?

A
  • cytosol
  • other organelles
27
Q

What is in the cytoplasm?

A

Stuff inside the cell
- cytosol
- organelles
- Fibers = cytoskeleton
- inclusions - group of macromolecules

28
Q

what is in the cytosol?

A

H20 and salts part of cytoplasm

29
Q

what are the types of fibers?

A

Weakest - Microfilaments - Small
TO - intermediate fibers - TO
Strongest - microtubules= tubes - Biggest

30
Q

What is dehydration Synthesis?

A

making a phospholipid by taking out water

31
Q

that are the types pf proteins?

A

intergral - imbedded in the bi layer
transmembrane - across
peripheral- on the outside

32
Q

initiation
regarding to transcription

A

intiation RNA polymerase binds to the promoter regio and initiates mRNA synthesis at the start point on the template strand

33
Q

elongation
regarding to transcription

A

Elongation- RNA polymerase generates an mRNA for the length of the template sequence

34
Q

termination
regarding to transcription

A

mRNA synthesis ends when the termination signal is reached

35
Q

What is the nuclear pore complex?

A

complex that is made up of 30 diffrent proteins

36
Q

protein synthesis summed up

A
  1. DNA is transcibed to mRNA
  2. mRNA passes through nucleopore
  3. mRNA attaches to ribosomes and translated to protein in the - 4. cytosol or the 5. RER
  4. translation of the RER results in protein in the RER or the RER protien
  5. Vesicles buds off RER containing protein and is shuttled to golgi for further modification and packaging
  6. Vesicle buds off Golgi and is targeted to 9 intracellular organelles or 10. plasma membrane - membrane bound protein and secrete proteins
37
Q

What is vesicle transport?

A

Trafficking of plasma membrane protein

38
Q

How does vesicular transport Exocytosis?

A
  1. molecule comes down
  2. V and T snares fuse together
  3. They form a Fusion pore (anything that is on the inside of the cell becomes outside the cell)
  4. Contents are pushed outside of cell
39
Q

pinocytosis

A

little vesicles pinching off sm. protein
- water
- salts
- ions

40
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Large vesicles (cancer cells)

41
Q

Transcytosis

A

Combination of exo and endo cytosis

42
Q

receptor - mediated endocytosis

A

Needs specific receptor

43
Q

What are the 4 most common proteins in ECM

A
  1. Collagen (most abundant) (not in cells)
  2. Elastin- strechy elastic
  3. Fibronectin - protein that helps cells stick to collagen
  4. Proteoglycans
44
Q

collagen production and collagen crosslinking require what?

A

Copper, Vitamin C

45
Q

Without vitamin C weak collagen is assembled what happens?

A

Scurvy

46
Q

Dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis are exapmples of what?

A

Disaccharides (double sugars)

47
Q

What is a carbohydrates?

A

monosaccharides (simple sugars)
single chain or ring
classified according to size
- contains 3- 7 atoms CHO building blocks

48
Q

What is proteoglycans?

A

protein that is charged with sugar
(Big Orbee)

49
Q

What are the connective tissues that doent have blood vessels?

A

Tendons and ligaments = dense regular (tension)
fibrocartilage = (between bones) (compression)
Articular cartilage (ends of bones)
aka hayline cartilage (compression)

50
Q

What are things to know about Cartilage? about shape and size

A
  • avascular
  • cartilage and blood are not innervated
  • cartilage and blood undergo substantial shape and changes
51
Q

What are some inherited connective tissue disorders?

A
  • Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
  • Osteogenesis imperfecta
  • Osteoarthritis
52
Q

what is Ehlers-Danlos syndrome?

A

mostly affects the skin and joints.
- CT becomes weak and causes loose joints and fragile, sagging skin. caused by mutations in collagen itself and enzymes used to process collagen

53
Q

What is osteogeniss imperfecta?

A

causes bones to break easily
- sometimes they break for no reason
- mutation in collagen genes account for 90% of cases

54
Q

what happens in osteoarthritis?

A

appears to have a genetic relationship but the genes have not been identified
- women are more prone to having osteoarthritis and have more severe cases than men
- causes 750,000 knee replacements surgeries each year

Physiology (9 decks)

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