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Microbiology Unit 1 > Lecture 10: Mycobacteria > Flashcards

Lecture 10: Mycobacteria Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

For how many years has TB been a major human disease?

A

5,000 years

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2
Q

Eradication of TB seemed possible until the emergence of which disease?

A

AIDS

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3
Q

Which strains of TB are worst for public health?

A

MDR

XDR

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4
Q

What effect does the slow-growing nature of mycobacteria have on medicine?

A

delays in vitro culture results

defeats some antibiotics

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5
Q

What feature makes mycobacterium gram stain poorly?

A

Mycolic acid cell wall surface

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6
Q

How are mycobacteria stained?

A

Acid fast procedure

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7
Q

If an organism is G+, will it be acid fast +/-?

A

Acid Fast -

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8
Q

Is TB acid fast +/-? G+/-?

A

Acid fast +

G-

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9
Q

How is TB transmitted to lungs?

A

inhalation

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10
Q

How is TB transmitted to lymph nodes, kidney, bones, and CNS?

A

hematogenous spread (through blood)

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11
Q

How is TB transmitted to GI?

A

swallowing infected sputum

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12
Q

An immunocompetent host raises a strong _________ and can hold TB infection latent for _______

A

CMI (cell-mediated immunity) response

Decades

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13
Q

In a host with a latent TB infection, what will reactivate the infection?

A

Immunosenescence/

immunosuppression

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14
Q

What percent of cases represent classic pulmonary TB?

A

75%

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15
Q

What are the symptoms of classic pulmonary TB?

A 
cough
weight loss (consumption)
fever
night sweats
hemoptysis (expectorating blood)
chest pain
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16
Q

What tests are done to detect TB?

A

check sputum

chest X ray

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17
Q

How does TB use a Trojan horse mechanism to infect?

A

intracellular infection of naive macrophages through hematogenous spread

18
Q

How does the immune system respond to the Trojan horse attack by TB?

A

activated macrophages kill it
CD8 cells kill infected macrophages
Establish caseating granulomas - contain infection

19
Q

How do reactivations of TB manifest? Give examples

A

Extrapulmonary

20
Q

Scrofula in neck, genitourinary, CNS (meningitis), skeletal (long bone or spine), and GI (very rare) are locations for what?

A

Extrapulmonary reactivation of TB

21
Q

What characterizes pediatric TB? What lethal primary infections must be watched for?

A

recently acquired –> need to trace source

watch for miliary TB and meningitis

22
Q

Which tests are performed to determine TB exposure? How long do cultures take?

A

TST and/or IGRA

~2 weeks

23
Q

How long does antibiotic resistance testing take for TB?

A

3 weeks

24
Q

Wha treatment protocol is started for TB patients?

A

-Directly Observed Therapy
4-plus-drug course (featuring isoiazid)
isolate patient for first 2 weeks

25
Q

What is the name of the TB vaccine used abroad? Why isn’t it used in the US?

A 
BCG vaccine (live attenuated M. bovis)
not cost-effective here
can create weak-moderate false + TST
26
Q

What are the most helpful factors for reducing the incidence of TB in a population?

A

good diet

housing

27
Q

Is latent TB contagious?

A

No

28
Q

What are atypical mycobacteria?

A

Environmentally-acquired infections which cause neither TB nor leprosy

29
Q

Atypical mycobacterial infections in immunocompetent adults are usually _______

A

cutaneous (skin)

30
Q

Atypical mycobacterial infections in children are ususally _________

A

scrofula

31
Q

Atypical mycobacterial infections in immunocompromised hosts have _______ symptoms which mimic _______

A

systemic

TB

32
Q

Which two organisms usually cause micobacterial infections in immunocompromised hosts?

A

M. kanasaii or MAI/C

33
Q

Atypical micobacterial infections may be _________ once established, and require _________

A

difficult to treat

multiple antibiotics

34
Q

M. leprae is difficult to study for these 3 reasons

A

no in vitro culture system
extremely long incubation period
doesn’t transmit easily

35
Q

What percent of people are believed to be susceptible to M. leprae?

A

5-10%

36
Q

Leprosy is also called ______

A

Hansen’s disease

37
Q

Leprosy presents on a range from _______ to ________

A

Tubuerculoid to Lepromatous

38
Q

What characterizes tuberculoid leprosy?

A

paucibacillary
vigorous CMI (infection + damaged nerves)
PPD+

39
Q

What characterizes Lepromatous leprosy?

A

multibacillary
weak CMI
extensive cutaneous symptoms
PPD-

40
Q

Lepromin PPD tests _____ and position on the ______

A

anti-leprosy response
and
position on the tuberculoid-lepromatous spectrum

41
Q

Lepromin PPD not NOT test _______

A

exposure

42
Q

How is leprosy treated?

A

2 years of dapsone + rifampin

Microbiology Unit 1 (15 decks)

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