lecture 10 - motivation

Question 1

The concept of motivation

Answer 1

Need theories * Cognitive theories * Reinforcement theory * Motivation in practice – Job design – Empowering for motivating
all lead to motivation.

Question 2

The concept of motivation p2

Answer 2

The arousal, direction and persistence of behaviour. intrinsic and extrinsic awards.
Ability x motivation x environmental conditions = performance

Question 3

Needs theories

Answer 3

We behave the way we do in an attempt to fulfil internal needs.
- Hierarchy of needs theory – ERG Theory – Two-factor theory

Question 4

Hierarchy of needs theory (Maslow)

Answer 4

1. Physiological needs 2. Safety needs 3. Belongingness needs 4. Esteem needs 5. Self-actualisation needs – Developing one’s full potential – Through opportunities for training, advancement, growth and creativity
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Question 5

ERG theory (modification of the needs hierarchy):

Answer 5

1. Existence needs (basic motivators such as food).
2. Relatedness needs (social and status motivators).
3. Growth needs (intrinsic motivators). – Frustration-regression principle:
   Failure to meet a high-order need may cause a regression to an already satisfied lower-order need.

Question 6

Two-factor theory (Herzberg)

Answer 6

HERZBERG isolated two different sets of factors affecting motivation and satisfaction at work.

motivators. job satisfcation. achievment, recognition. work otself.

hygiene factors - disatisfcation pay, interpersonal relationships.

Question 7

Cognitive theories

Answer 7

The isolation of thinking patterns used in deciding to act in a certain way or not.
Equity theory, Expectancy theory, Goal-setting theory.

Question 8

Equity theory

Answer 8

Adams- Focuses on individuals’ perception of how fairly they are treated relative to others. – Equity is when the ratio of one person’s outcome to inputs equals that of another’s.

Question 9

Expectancy theory (Vroom)

Answer 9

Proposes that motivation depends on individuals’ expectations about their ability to perform tasks and receive desired rewards. t

E-P expectancy (expectancy that putting effort into a given task will lead to high performance).
P-O expectancy (expectancy that successful performance of a task will lead to desired outcome).
Valence * The value or attraction an individual has for an outcome. A grade, for instance, has high valence.

Question 10

Goal-setting theory (Locke and Latham):

Answer 10

Motivation by setting specific, challenging goals that are accepted by subordinates.

Question 11

Job design

Answer 11

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1. Job simplification
2. Job rotation
3. Job enlargement
4. Job enrichment
5. Job Characteristics