Lecture 10 Flashcards

1
Q

Relevant anatomy of head, face and throat

A

-pharynx
-larynx
-trachea
-esophagus
-sternocleidomastoid

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2
Q

Pharynx

A

-throat

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3
Q

Larynx

A

-voice box
-connects throat with trachea, prevents food from getting into trachea while breathing

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4
Q

Trachea

A

-brings air from throat to lungs

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5
Q

Esophagus

A

-brings food from throat to stomach

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6
Q

Relevant vessels of the head, face and throat

A

-carotid artery
-jugular vein
-subclavian artery and vein
-vagus nerve

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7
Q

Bones of the face

A

-frontal bone
-orbital bones
-nasal bone
-cheekbones
-maxilla bones
-mandible

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8
Q

Frontal bone

A

-forehead

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9
Q

Orbital bones

A

-around eyes
-along eyebrows

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10
Q

Nasal bone

A

-nose

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11
Q

Zygomatic bones

A

-cheekbones

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12
Q

Mandible

A

-jaw

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13
Q

Bones of the head and face

A

-frontal bone
-parietal bones
-temporal bones
-occipital bone
-temporomandibular joint

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14
Q

What is the temporomandibular joint

A

-joint between temporal bone and mandible
-articular disc within joint

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15
Q

Muscles that act on TMJ

A

-temporalis
-pterygoids
-masseter

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16
Q

MOI injuries to anterior neck

A

-blunt force to anterior neck/throat by stick, puck, ball, opponent

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17
Q

What sports are injuries to anterior neck common in

A

-field hockey
-lacrosse
-hockey

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18
Q

Signs and symptoms injuries to anterior neck

A

-pressure
-difficulty swallowing “feels thick”
-difficulty breathing
-panicky

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19
Q

What is there a risk of of in injuries to the anterior neck

A

-larynx fracture

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20
Q

MOI of major bleeds

A

-skate
-stick
-contact with boards
-laceration of carotid artery, jugular vein, an subclavian vein

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21
Q

What sports are major bleeds common in

A

-hockey
-figure skating

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22
Q

Acute management of major bleeds

A

-pressure
-rapid EMS call
-treat for shock

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23
Q

What do major bleeds usually require

A

-requires vascular surgical team to repair damaged vessels

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24
Q

Prevention of major bleeds

A

-neck guards

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25
Q

Different types of facial injuries

A

-eye-poke injuries
-fractures
-auricular hematomas
-lacerations
-TMJ conditions
-dental injuries

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26
Q

What do eye-poke injuries

A

-subconjunctival hemorrhage
-corneal abrasion

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27
Q

Subconjunctival hemorrhage

A

-bright red bleeding/spot on white of eye from broken blood vessel

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28
Q

Corneal abrasion

A

-scratch on surface of eye

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29
Q

Signs and symptoms of eye-poke injuries

A

-mild discomfort
-irritation

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30
Q

Acute management of eye-poke injuries

A

-cold compress
-refer for eye exam

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31
Q

When should someone be referred immediately after an eye-poke injury

A

-any vision changes
-shadows
-floaters
-pressure
-pain

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32
Q

MOI of facial fractures

A

-direct trauma via opponent
-puck
-ball

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33
Q

What sports are facial fractures common in

A

-ice hockey
-football
-rugby
-baseball

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34
Q

What type of facial fractures are the most common

A

-unilateral zygomatic-maxillary-orbital
-isolated mandibular
-nasal fractures

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35
Q

Signs and symptoms

A

-tender on palpation fracture site
-racoon eyes
-swelling
-divots
-deformities

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36
Q

Acute management of facial fractures

A

-PIER if tolerated
-refer

37
Q

MOI auricular hematoma

A

-blunt trauma
-repetitive friction

38
Q

What is auricular hematoma

A

-resulting contusion to ear

39
Q

Signs and symptoms of auricular hematoma

A

-pain
-swelling
-bruising

40
Q

What can auricular hematoma lead to

A

-necrosis of the cartilage from blood supply being cut off

41
Q

What is auricular hematoma known as

A

-cauliflower ear

42
Q

What sports are auricular hematomas common in

A

-wrestling
-rugby
-judo
-boxing

43
Q

Acute management of auricular hematoma

A

-PIER
-add pressure by packing ear with folded gauze to prevent fluid accumulation
-magnets

44
Q

MOI lacerations

A

-blunt trauma
-sharp object

45
Q

What do lacerations require

A

-form pressure

46
Q

Acute management of lacerations of the face

A

-refer for stiches
-pressure
-steri-strips

47
Q

What type of joint is the TMJ

A

-hinge joint

48
Q

MOI of TMJ conditions

A

-direct trauma to mandible
-cumulative repeat impacts

49
Q

What sports are TMJ conditions common in

A

-contact sports

50
Q

What can TMJ conditions result in

A

-dislocations
-fractures
-sprains
-articular disc injuries
-muscle tension/strains
-clicking/altered joint mechanics
-headaches

51
Q

MOI dental injuries

A

-direct blow

52
Q

Common sports related dental injuries

A

-tooth (crown) fractures
-tooth intrusion
-tooth extrusion
-tooth avulsion

53
Q

Tooth intrusion

A

-tooth gets forced into the bone

54
Q

Tooth extrusion

A

-tooth gets forced out of the bone

55
Q

Tooth avulsion

A

-complete removal from socket

56
Q

Acute management of dental injuries

A

-ensure broken teeth removed from mouth
-rule out concussion and C-spine
-refer to dentist
-ER if severe
-rolled gauze to control
-numbing agent

57
Q

Prevention of dental injuries

A

-mouthguards

58
Q

What are types of headaches seen in sport

A

-dehydration
-cervicogenic
-concussion

59
Q

What are the different types of cervicogenic headaches

A

-muscle tension
-joint dysfunction

60
Q

MOI concussions

A

-direct blow or indirect

61
Q

What is a concussion known as

A

-mild traumatic brain injuries

62
Q

What is a concussion

A

-a transient change of neurological function

63
Q

Cause of concussions

A

-stretch
-ion exchange
-depolarization of action potentials
-results in an electrical storm

64
Q

Signs of concussion

A

-vomiting
-disorientation/confusion
-memory loss
-loss of consciousness

65
Q

Symptoms fo concussion

A

-headache, pressure, migraines
-cognitive changes
-vestibular system dysfunction
-nausea
-fatigue
-mood changes

66
Q

What needs to be ruled out in a concussion

A

-c-spine injuries

67
Q

What does assessing a concussion include

A

-interviews
-physical exams
-testing

68
Q

Two common assessment tools in concussions

A

-SCAT6
-ImPACT testing

69
Q

SCAT6

A

-standardized tool for evaluating concussions
-sideline or clinical
-designed for athletes over 13 years of age
-takes 10-15 min

70
Q

What does ImPACT testing stand for

A

-immediate post-concussion assessment and cognitive testing

71
Q

ImPACT testing

A

-computerized objective tool
-requires a baseline test
-measures memory, attention span, visual and verbal problem solving

72
Q

Components of a SCAT6

A

-immediate assessment/neuro scan
-off-field assessment

73
Q

Immediate assessment/neuro scan

A

-observable signs
-glasgow coma scale
-cervical spine assessment
-coordination and ocular/motor screen
-memory assessment maddocks questions

74
Q

Observable signs

A

-athlete position/behaviour/MOI

75
Q

Glasgow coma scale (LOC)

A

-eye/verbal/motor responses

76
Q

Cervical spine assessment

A

-pain at rest
-TOP
-AROM
-limbs

77
Q

Coordination and ocular/motor screen

A

-finger to nose
-follow finger

78
Q

Memory assessment maddocks questions

A

-questions re venue
-game
-past games

79
Q

What is included in off-field assessment

A

-athlete background
-symptom evaluation
-cognitive screening
-coordination and balance examination
-delayed recall
-decision

80
Q

What is involved in cognitive screening

A

-orientation
-immediate memory
-concentration

81
Q

Post-concussion syndrome

A

-timeframes vary
-anywhere from 10 days - 3 months

82
Q

Systems that may be exacerbating symptoms in concussions

A

-visual
-vestibular
-physiologic
-cervicogenic
-psychological

83
Q

Post concussion disorder early symptom-limited threshold

A

-symptom exacerbation

84
Q

Post concussion disorder no early symptom-limited threshold

A

-no symptom exacerbation

85
Q

Chronic traumatic encephalopathy

A

-progressive degenerative brain disorder caused by repeat head injuries

86
Q

Signs and symptoms of chronic traumatic encephalopathy

A

-memory loss
-confusion
-headaches
-irritable mood
-agression
-depression
-slurred speech
-unsteady/altered motor control

87
Q

Concussion injury prevention

A

-mouthguards
-proper fitting helmet
-safe technique
-concussion

88
Q

Safe technique

A

-no high tackles
-no spearing

89
Q

Concussion education

A

-early identification
-no RTP with even 1 symptom
-safe and progressive RTP