Lecture 10 Flashcards

1
Q

Does thirst decrease performance (as a safety factor)?

A

No- its a safety mechanism that activates as its a form of central fatigue where drinking water can temporarily decrease the perception of fatigue.

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2
Q

Can we drink too much water?

A

Yes - Excess water intake can dilute the body’s electrolytes to potentially cause hyponatremia (can fatal condition caused by brain edema).

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3
Q

What percentage of runners display hyponatremia after marathons?

A

10%

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4
Q

What should individuals consume if their event is less than an hour? More than an hour?

A

Less than 1 hr = just water

More than 1 hr = water and some electrolyte containing beverages.

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5
Q

It is important to remember when exercising?

A

Even though exercising is beneficial for our overall health, it can induce system specific harm that certain individuals may be more prone to. There will be a point where you are not gaining anymore benefits ut just gaining harm.

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6
Q

What happens when someone continues to over-exercise after hitting the asymptote?

A

There will be a “reverse J” where there will now be maladaptations oppose to adaptations.

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7
Q

How does over-exercise relate back to the stress adaptation sydrome?

A

The alarm phase is too great that instead of entering the resistance phase, one enters the exhaustive phase right away.

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8
Q

What factors contribute to overtraining and a decrease in performance?

A

Too high of a training volume.

Too high training intensity with not enough rest/recovery.

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9
Q

Does every individual overtrain in the same way?

A

No- very individualistic - not everyone will overtrain with the same load.

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10
Q

What are some physical and behavioural traits of overtraining sydrome?

A
  • Persistent muscle soreness and fatigue.
  • Elevated resting heart rate.
  • Reduced heart rate variability.
  • Presence of UIT (respiratory) infections.
  • Slow and delayed recovery.
  • High submaximal lactate or heart rates.
  • Depression, lack of motivation, social withdrawal.
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11
Q

Is overtraining syndrome a common situation?

A

Yes - 10% of elite endurance athletes and college swimmers experience overtraining syndrome even 2 weeks after cessation of training.

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12
Q

Why is exercise programming beneficial for athletes?

A

Helps prevent risks associated with extreme loads.

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13
Q

What is important to remember with the trend between exercise and dangerous cardiac events?

A

Its a linear model- but not everyone falls on that line. Therefore, some people can get by with less exercise to decrease the harmful cardiac events that can happen.

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14
Q

What are some benefits to exercise?

A

Decreased blood pressure.
Decreases adiposity.
Decrease blood viscosity.
Increase High- Density Lipoproteins.

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15
Q

What is the difference between pros and cons of exercise?

A

The pros are largely age independent while the cons are age depedent.

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16
Q

What are potential cons to exercise?

A

Atrial fibillration.
Left ventricle hypertrophy- can be good or bad.
Cardiac fibrosis - heart is stiff.

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17
Q

What are the consequences to extreme endurance exercise?

A

It is cause cardiac remodelling that can predipose some to arrhythmias. Without enough recovery, it can also caused acute myocardial injury due to high levels of kinase and troponin C that indicate that muscle proteins are leaking into the blood.

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18
Q

What is Athlete’s Heart?

A

Considered to be the highest cardiac functioning that anyone can have.

19
Q

What is the clinical definition of an athlete’s heart? Why is this benefical?

A

Left ventricle is 55mm bigger than average. This is benefical because more blood is getting to the rest of the body more efficiently.

20
Q

Why do steroids affect the heart? What are the consequences?

A

Steroids affect muscle so cannot just affect skeletal muscle. Therefore, steroids can cause maladaptations at the level of the heart that may be permanent.

21
Q

How to anabolic-androgenic steroids cause muscle hypertrophy?

A

These steroids are variants of testosterone where they will bind to androgen receptors on myocytes to cause hypertrophy.

22
Q

Why can determining if someone has been abusing steroids difficult?

A

Can cause adaptations that look like athlete’s heart.

23
Q

What is the difference between an endurance athlete’s and a strength athlete’s heart?

A

Endurance - slight increase in left ventricular wall thickness.

Significant dilation of left ventricle.

Strength- significant increase in left ventricular wall thickness.

Slight dilation of left ventricle.

24
Q

What are 5 benefits of Strength Training for Runners?

A
  1. Running economy
  2. Time to exhaustion at maximal aerobic speed.
  3. Rate of force development (power).
  4. Time trial performance
  5. Anaerobic parametres such as maximal sprint speed.
25
Q

For athletes, why is it important to do athletic testing?

A

As someone’s genetics can make them more suspetible to cardiac issues, diabetes and MS where response to exercise may be opposite than expected and do more harm than good.

26
Q

What is Rhabdomyolysis? What causes it?

A

Muscle trauma that leads to acute muscle fiber dissolution where intracellular contents leak into the bloodstream.

Caused by too much intense exercise on muscles.

27
Q

What is the triad of rhabdomyolysis? (What to look out for?)

A
  • Muscle pain in the shoudlers, thighs and lower back.
  • Muscle weakness or trouble moving arms and legs.
  • Dark red/ Brown Urine or Decreased urination.
28
Q

How does rhambomylosis affect the kidneys and what substance is it usually? When is this issue common?

A

Myoglobin is released that prevents kidneys from getting inracellular content out. Happens a lot after spin classes!!

29
Q

What is Sudden Athletic Death Syndrome (SADS)?

A

When exercise is associated with “sudden death”. There is a potential link between endurance exercises where there is an increase of cardiac conditions.

30
Q

What is the best way to warm up?

A

Dynamic stretching with post activation potentiation improved game performance while performance decreased with static stretching`.

31
Q

How would you describe someone’s default fit?

A

Their VO2max in someone that doesn’t train.

32
Q

What evidence suggests that genes influence someone’s fitness?

A

Studied college aged males and some had VO2 max in mid 60s. These individuals had an athlete’s heart without training.

33
Q

We know that our genes affect 50% of our fitness but what genes have the most influence?

A

The most conribution come from mitochondrial DNA.

34
Q

What is the relationship between default VO2 max and training sensitivity?

A

Identical twins have the same VO2 max and training induced increased in VO2 max.

35
Q

What is superior athletic performance?

A

A polygenetic trait

36
Q

What is polymorphism?

A

Natural genetic variations that may positively (or negatively) bias athletic performance. Depends on combination.

37
Q

Explain the following genes affect on performance:

  • Angiotension Converting Enzyme
  • Myostatin
  • Alpha- Actinin-3 protein
A

1) 1 allele is associatated with endurance performance.
D allele = training related strength and power gain.

2) Deletion increases fast-twitch muscle content. inhibits muscle hypertrophy
3) Associtated with fast fibres and force at high velocity.

38
Q

What is the genetic component of strength?

A

70%

39
Q

Describe myostatin.

A

Its a muscle growth factor that regulates muscle fiber size. If you have more myostatin, there is less muscle hypertrophy.

40
Q

What does it mean if an animal is super muscular?

A

No myostatin present.

41
Q

Why can some people be really good at endurance events?

A

Has more erythropoietin (EPO)- a hormone that up-regulates the manufacturing of red blood cells. More EPO = more RBC = better VO2 max.

42
Q

Why are many successful endurance runners from West Africa?

A

Have beneficial polymorphism in these regions and lots of variability that enhance ones speed and endurance.

43
Q

What type of blood has a positive correlation to running performance?

A

O blood