Lecture 1 week 1 reading materials CH 1

Question 1

5 voorbeelden van Bias

Answer 1

bevooroordeeld zijn omdat:
1. iets logisch klinkt en hierdoor geen verder onderzoek doen.
2. “availability heuristics”: omdat iets makkelijk naar voren komt in je gedachten zal het wel zo zijn. overschatten hoevaak je iets waarneemt omdat je focus daarop ligt.
3. “present/present bias”: de focus ligt alleen op wat aanwezig is en niet op hetgeen dat ontbreekt.
4. “confirmation Bias”: alleen zoeken naar informatie die bevestigd wat je wil bewijzen.
5. “blind spot bias”: het idee dat jij niet in de voorgaand genoemde biasses kan trappen

Question 2

èvidence-based treatments

Answer 2

therapies that are supported by research

Question 3

empiricism

Answer 3

using evidence from the senses (sight, hearing touch) or from instruments that assist the senses (such as thermometers, timers, photographs, weight scales and questionnaires) as the basis of conclusions.

empiricists aim to be systematic, rigorous and make their work independently verifiable by other observers or scientist.

Question 4

theory

Answer 4

a set of statements that describe general principles about how variables relate to one another

Question 5

hypothesis

Answer 5

Hypothesis (prediction) = the specific outcome the researcher expects to observe in a study if the theory is accurate.

a single theory can lead to a large number of hypotheses because a single study is not sufficient to test the entire theory. It is intended to test only a part of it. So one hypotheses can only one part of the whole theory.

Question 6

data

Answer 6

DATA are a set of observations. Depending on whether the data are consistent with hypotheses based on a theory, the data may either support or challenge the theory.

Data that matches the theory’s hypothesis strengthen the researcher’s confidence in the theory. When the data do not match the theory’s hypothesis, however, those results indicate that the theory needs to be revised or the research design needs to be improved. The Theory-data cycle shows how these steps work

Question 7

preregistered

Answer 7

a hypothesis can be preregisterd. The researcher publicly states what the outcome of the study is expected to be.

Question 8

replication

Answer 8

a study is conducted again to test wheter the result is consistent

Question 9

weight of the evidence

Answer 9

The collection of studies, including replications of the same theory

Question 10

falsifiability

Answer 10

Falsifiability = a theory must lead to hypotheses that, when tested, could actually fail to support the theory.

falsifiability is a characteristic of good theories

Question 11

universalism

Answer 11

scientific claims are eveluated the same no matte who made the claim

Question 12

communality

Answer 12

scientific knowledge is created bij a community and its findings belong to the community

Question 13

disinterestedness

Answer 13

scientist strive to discover the truth. they are not swayed by politics, profit etc

Question 14

organised skepticism

Answer 14

scientist question everything including their own theories

Question 15

self-correcting

Answer 15

being open to falsification and skeptically testing every assumption, science can become self-correcting; that is it discovers its own mistakes theories and correct them.

Question 16

applied research

Answer 16

Applied research = done with a practical problem in mind; the researchers conduct their work in a particular real-world context.

• It might test the efficacy of a treatment for depression in a sample of trauma survivors.
• Applied researchers are looking for better ways to identify those wo are likely to do well at a particular job, and so on.

Question 17

basic research

Answer 17

Basic research = in contract, is not intended to address a specific, practical problem; the goal is to enhance the general body of knowledge.

• Might want to understand the structure of the visual system, the capacity of human memory, the motivations of a depressed person or the limitations of the infant attachment system.

Question 18

translational research

Answer 18

Transactional research = in the use of lessons from basic research to develop and test applications to health care, psychotherapy, or other forms of treatment and interventions. It’s the dynamic bridge from basic to applied research.

Question 19

journal

Answer 19

Journal = when scientists want to tell the scientific world about the results of their research they write a paper and submit it to magazines, journals for other researchers.

Question 20

journalism

Answer 20

Journalism = are writers for the popular media who are skilled at transforming scientific studies for the general public, but they don’t always get it wright.
- Journalists can only take the part of the research they are most interested in and publish it in a headline of a newspaper.
- Doing so, you can misinterpret information when you read a journalistic article about a research.

Question 21

merton’s scientific norms (4)

Answer 21

• universalism (iedereen mag onderzoeken en wordt op dezelfde wijze getoetst)
• communality (voor iedereen toegankelijk)
• disintrestedness (streven naar het onderzoeken van de waarheid, externe factoren als winst doen er niet toe)
• organized skepticism (onderzoekers bevragen alles en nemen niet zomaar iets aan)

Question 22

confound

Answer 22

meerdere verklaringen die kunnen leiden tot een bepaalde uitkomst