Lecture 1 - Pelvic Contents

Question 1

What is the bladder?

Answer 1

Muscular sac with a partial covering of peritoneum, ‘stuck’ against the pubic bones.

Question 2

What makes up the bladder?

Answer 2

Transitional epithelium, with rugae.

Question 3

What happens to the bladder as it fills?

Answer 3

It raises into the suprapubic region.

Question 4

What is the urachus and where is it located?

Answer 4

It is the apex of the bladder, located posterior to the pubic symphysis.

Question 5

What is the trigone?

Answer 5

The triangular base of the bladder, a trigone internal area of smooth mucous membrane.

Question 6

Where does the urethra exit/enter the bladder?

Answer 6

The trigone.

Question 7

What are the muscles of the bladder?

Answer 7

Muscular coat of smooth muscle, known as the detrusor. Also has the sphincter vesicae at the neck of the bladder.

Question 8

Is the sphincter vesicae a full circle?

Answer 8

No, it is incomplete.

Question 9

What is the neck of the bladder held in place by in males?

Answer 9

Puboprostatic ligament.

Question 10

What is the neck of the bladder held in place by in females?

Answer 10

Pubovesical ligament.

Question 11

What is the arterial supply of the bladder in males?

Answer 11

A superior and inferior vesicle artery from each side (branches of the internal iliac artery).

Question 12

What is different about the arterial supply of the bladder in females compared to males?

Answer 12

The inferior vesicle artery usually corresponds to the vaginal artery in females.

Question 13

What is the venous drainage of the bladder?

Answer 13

The vesicle plexus, which drains to the internal iliac vein.

Question 14

What is the nerve supply to the bladder?

Answer 14

Autonomic nervous system - Inferior hypogastric plexus.

Question 15

Where does lymph drain to from the ureters?

Answer 15

Lumbar, common/external/internal iliac nodes as they descend towards the bladder.

Question 16

Where does lymph drain to from the bladder?

Answer 16

Mainly internal iliac (some superior to external iliac, some from neck to sacral nodes).

Question 17

Where does lymph mainly drain to from the urethra?

Answer 17

Internal iliac.

Question 18

Where else can lymph drain to from the urethra in females?

Answer 18

Some to sacral nodes.

Question 19

Where else can lymph drain to from the urethra in males?

Answer 19

Spongy urethra to deep inguinal nodes.

Question 20

Where is the rectum positioned?

Answer 20

3rd sacral vertebrae to tip of coccyx.

Question 21

What type of peritoneum covers the upper 3rd of the rectum?

Answer 21

Visceral peritoneum.

Question 22

What part of the middle 3rd of the rectum does peritoneum cover?

Answer 22

Anterior surface.

Question 23

Does the lower 3rd of the rectum have peritoneum?

Answer 23

It is infraperitoneal (underneath peritoneum, only its superior surface is covered in parietal peritoneum).

Question 24

What is the arterial supply of the rectum and where do the arteries branch from?

Answer 24

Superior rectal artery (from the inferior mesenteric), middle rectal artery (from internal iliac artery), and inferior rectal artery (from internal pudenal).

Question 25

What is the venous drainage for the rectum and where do the veins drain to?

Answer 25

Superior rectal vein (to portal vein), middle rectal vein (to internal iliac vein), and inferior rectal vein (to internal pudendal vein).

Question 26

Where does lymph from the superior rectum drain to?

Answer 26

Aortic nodes at L3 (inferior mesenteric).

Question 27

Where does lymph from the interior rectum drain to?

Answer 27

Internal iliac nodes.

Question 28

Where does lymph from the anal canal superior to the pectineal line drain to?

Answer 28

Internal iliac nodes.

Question 29

Where does lymph from the anal canal inferior to the pectineal line drain to?

Answer 29

Superficial inguinal nodes.

Question 30

What is a fibroid?

Answer 30

A tumour grown on the uterus.

Question 31

What is the broad ligament of the uterus?

Answer 31

A sheet of peritoneum that extends from the lateral pelvic walls on both sides, and covers internal female genitalia anteriorly and posteriorly.

Question 32

What does the broad ligament of the uterus do?

Answer 32

Carries vessels, nerves and lymphatics.

Question 33

What is the round ligament of the uterus?

Answer 33

A ligament that connects the front part of the womb to the groin, where the lower limb meets the pelvis.

Question 34

What does the round ligament do?

Answer 34

Potential lymph pathway, support the uterus during pregnancy.

Question 35

What is anteversion of the uterus?

Answer 35

Uterus bends forwards over the long axis of the vagina (tilts towards your abdomen).

Question 36

What is anteflexion of the uterus?

Answer 36

Long axis of uterus is bent forward at the cervix opening with long axis of the vagina.

Question 37

What is the function of the ovaries?

Answer 37

To produce ova and secrete hormones.

Question 38

What are the ovaries attached to the broad ligament?

Answer 38

By mesovarium.

Question 39

What is the arterial supply of the ovaries?

Answer 39

Abdominal aorta (ovarian artery at L2).

Question 40

What is the venous drainage of the ovaries?

Answer 40

The ovarian vein to the inferior vena cava on both right and left sides, and the renal vein on the left side.

Question 41

What nervous supply do the ovaries have?

Answer 41

Aortic plexus.

Question 42

What is the ovarian ligament?

Answer 42

Connects the ovary to the lateral surface of the uterus.

Question 43

What is the suspensory ligament of the ovary?

Answer 43

Connects the ovary to the wall of the pelvis.

Question 44

Where does lymph from the ovaries drain to?

Answer 44

Aortic nodes at root of aortic artery (L2).

Question 45

Where does lymph from the vagina drain to?

Answer 45

Internal iliac then superficial inguinal nodes.

Question 46

Where does lymph from the inferior part of the uterus drain to?

Answer 46

Internal iliac nodes (some to sacral nodes).

Question 47

Where does lymph from the superior part of the uterus drain to?

Answer 47

External iliac nodes (via broad ligament).

Question 48

Where does lymph from the uterine tubes drain to?

Answer 48

Superficial inguinal nodes.