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Human Anatomy - Muscular System > Lecture 1 - Myology > Flashcards

Lecture 1 - Myology Flashcards

1
Q

What is Myology?

A
  • the study of muscles
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2
Q

What is the skeletal muscle?

A
  • 1 muscle fibre = 1 cell
  • it is Under voluntary control; Nerves control the muscle
  • Each muscle fibre must be innervated in order to have the ability to contract
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3
Q

What type of unit is the skeletal muscle?

A
  • it is a Motor unit
  • One motor neuron + all muscle fibers innervated by that nerve
  • “all or nothing” response
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4
Q

What is muscle fiber structure ?

A
  • Muscle fiber is covered by delicate connective tissue called the endomysium
  • Bundles of fibers are grouped together in the perimysium to form a fascicle
  • Entire muscle (several bundles/fascicles) is bound by the epimysium
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5
Q

What are tendons ?

A
  • Attaches muscle to bone; Tuberosities & processes
  • Can also be an aponeurosis; Flat sheet-like tendon
  • Connective tissue acts as a harness which allows muscle to transmit force & “pull” on a bone
  • 500x the tensile strength of muscles, but unable to contract
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6
Q

What are muscle shapes ?

A
  • Different arrangements relative to the axis of force generation
  • Determines functional properties of the muscle
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7
Q

What are the 6 different shapes of muscle ?

A
  • flat
  • convergent
  • pennate
  • circular/sphincteral
  • fusiform/parallel
  • quadrate
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8
Q

What is a flat muscle?

A
  • Parallel fibers with an aponeurosis
  • i.e., Rectus abdominus
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9
Q

What is a convergent muscle?

A
  • Arise from broad area to converge to form a single tendon
  • i.e., Pectoralis major
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10
Q

What is a pennate muscle?

A
  • Feather-like in the arrangement of the fascicles
  • can be uni, bi, or multi axial
  • i.e., quadriceps femoris
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11
Q

What is a circular/sphincteral muscle?

A
  • Surround a body opening or orifice
  • i.e., orbicularis oris
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12
Q

What is a fusiform/parallel muscle?

A
  • Spindle shaped with round, thick belly & tapered ends
  • i.e., biceps brachii
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13
Q

What is a quadrate muscle?

A
  • four equal sides
  • i.e., Rectus abdominus
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14
Q

What are levers?

A
  • Muscles, the tendinous attachments & their relationship with the joints they cross result in 3 classes of levers (1, 2, 3)
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15
Q

What are the 3 variables that levers arrange in?

A
  • F = force/energy
  • A = axis/fulcrum
  • R = resistance or load
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16
Q

What is a class 1 lever?

A
  • FAR: I.e., Atlanta-occipital joint in the body (see-saw)
  • Force/energy = posterior neck muscles
  • Axis/fulcrum = cervical spine
  • Resistance = weight of anterior skull
17
Q

What is a class 2 lever?

A
  • FRA: I.e., plantar flexion at the ankle joint in the body (wheelbarrow)
  • Force/energy = calf muscles
  • Resistance = body weight
  • Axis/fulcrum = MTP joints
18
Q

What is a class 3 lever?

A
  • Most common levers in the human body; Gives an advantage to speed over strength
  • AFR: I.e., elbow joint when lifting a book, tweezers, nail clippers
  • Axis/fulcrum = elbow joint
  • Force/energy = biceps muscle
  • Resistance = weight resting in hand
19
Q

What are the 4 types of muscular contraction ?

A
  • isometric
  • isotonic
  • concentric
  • eccentric
20
Q

What is isometric/isotonic ?

A
  • isometric = contraction with no movement; i.e., holding the weight at the top
  • isotonic = contraction with movement; i.e., bicep curl
21
Q

What is concentric/eccentric?

A
  • concentric = movement that shortens the muscle; i.e., upward motion of a bicep curl
  • eccentric = movement that extends the muscle; i.e., lowering phase of a bicep curl
22
Q

What is agonist/antagonist?

A
  • agonist = the primary muscle creating a concentric movement
  • antagonist = opposing muscle to the agonist, inactive while the agonist is contracting
23
Q

What are fixators?

A
  • Steadies proximal part of the limb throughout an isometric contraction while movement happens distally
  • I.e., stabilize the scapulae during pushups
24
Q

What are synergists ?

A
  • Complements action of prime mover
25
Q

How can you locate muscles ?

A
  • The name of a muscle usually tells us something about its shape, action, location, or it is derived from a Latin root
26
Q

What are the divisions of muscle groups?

A
  • Biceps (2)
  • Triceps (3)
  • Quadriceps (4)
  • “Ceps” = heads
27
Q

What is the difference in muscle length/size?

A
  • longus = long
  • brevis = short
  • Magnus = large
28
Q

What are muscle attachment points?

A
  • described in terms of its attachments to 2 bones & the action on the joints it crosses
29
Q

What is origin/insertion?

A
  • Origin = proximal attachment
  • Insertion = distal attachment
30
Q

What is a main action?

A
  • the name of joint & its movement

Human Anatomy - Muscular System (13 decks)

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