Lecture 1- CVS introduction

Question 1

all cells are

Answer 1

metabolically active

Question 2

what does metabolically activate mean

Answer 2

use oxygen and produce carbon dioxide

Question 3

single celled organism don’t need a CVS because

Answer 3

they can use diffusion to get get nutrients to where it needs to be

Question 4

larger organisms need a CVS to

Answer 4

get oxygen and nutrients to all cells

Question 5

site of diffusion

Answer 5

capillaries

Question 6

capillaries adaption

Answer 6

single layer of endothelial cell surrounded by basal lamina

Question 7

summaries the purpose of the CVS

Answer 7

• To carry oxygen and nutrients to the tissue capillaries where diffusion can take place • Carries CO2 and waste products back into the blood

Question 8

deoxygenated blood

Answer 8

leaves tissue and is pumped to the lung by the right ventricle via the pulmonary veins

Question 9

why are alveoli so efficient at gas exchange

Answer 9

rich blood supply thin wall (one cell thick)

Question 10

is the oxygenated blood that fills the left ventricle enough to perfuse the heart

Answer 10

no it requires its own blood supply- coronary circulation

Question 11

coronary circulation

Answer 11

Coronary arteries supply oxygenated blood to the heart muscle, and cardiac veins drain away the blood once it has been deoxygenated. Most myocardial perfusion occurs during heart relaxation (diastole) when the subendocardial coronary vessels are open and under lower pressure.

Question 12

if the coronary arteries supplying the left ventricle are blocked or damaged

Answer 12

the heart wall is too thick to be able to supply enough oxygen and nutrient to th§e wall of the muscle- cardiac myocyte death

Question 13

anatomical position of the heart

Answer 13

right ventricle facing the front

Question 14

left anterior descending artery known as

Answer 14

the widow maker- most likely to be blocked in a heart attack

Question 15

oxygenated blood enter the

Answer 15

left ventricle via the pulmonary vein

Question 16

deoxygenated blood is taken to the right ventricle via

Answer 16

the vena cavas

Question 17

deoxygenated blood is taken tot the lungs via the

Answer 17

pulmonary artery

Question 18

oxygenated blood is delivered to the rest of the body via the

Answer 18

aorta

Question 19

coronary arteries are what type of arteries

Answer 19

end arteries

Question 20

end arteries

Answer 20

have few anastomoses- they don’t connect together much

Question 21

anastomoses

Answer 21

where arteries join each other

Question 22

why are anastomoses beneficial

Answer 22

if one artery gets cut off then another artery can supply that area

Question 23

end arteries are prone to

Answer 23

atheroma–> narrowing due to atheromatous plaque formation

Question 24

what encompasses the heart

Answer 24

pericardial sac- visceral cavity

Question 25

describe the pericardial sac

Answer 25

a double-walled sac containing the heart and the roots of the great vessels - filled with pericardial fluid

Question 26

what are the two walls of the pericardial sac cakked

Answer 26

parietal visceral

Question 27

parietal wall

Answer 27

outer fibrous wall

Question 28

visceral

Answer 28

very thin covering

Question 29

layers of the pericardium (outer to inner)

Answer 29

- fibrous layer - parietal layer - pericardial cavity - visceral layer (epicardium) - myocardium - endocardium

Question 30

transverse pericardial sinus

Answer 30

lies anterior to the superior vena cava and posterior to the ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk.

Question 31

why is the transverse pericardial sinus clinical important

Answer 31

This sinus is clinically important because passing one end of clamp through the sinus, and the other end anterior to the aorta/pulmonary trunk will allow complete blockage of blood output.

Question 32

two main coronary arteries which branch to supply the entire heart

Answer 32

left and right coronary arteries

Question 33

left and right coronary arteries arise from the

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left and right aortic sinuses within the aorta

Question 34

aortic sinuses

Answer 34

small openings found within the aorta behind the left and right flaps of the aortic valve. When the heart is relaxed, the back-flow of blood fills these valve pockets, therefore allowing blood to enter the coronary arteries.

Question 35

the left coronary artery (LCA) initially branches to yield the

Answer 35

left anterior descending (LAD), which gives off the left marginal artery (LMA) and the left circumflex artery (Cx)

Question 36

left anterior descending (LAD) also called the

Answer 36

anterior inter-ventricular artery

Question 37

the right coronary artery (RCA)

Answer 37

branches to form the right marginal artery (RMA) anteriorly

Question 38

cardiac veins

Answer 38

blood travels form the subendocardium into the thebesian veins- small tributaries running throughout the myocardium--\> these drain into larger veins that drain into the coronary sinus

Question 39

coronary sinus

Answer 39

main vein fo the heart located on the posterior surface in the coronary sulcus

Question 40

coronary sulcus

Answer 40

runs between the left atrium and left ventricle

Question 41

the coronary sinus drains into the

Answer 41

right atrium

Question 42

within the right atrium the opening of the coronary sinus is located between the

Answer 42

right atrioventricular orifice and the inferior vena cava orifice

Question 43

in general the area o the heart which an artery passes

Answer 43

will be the area that it perfuses

Question 44

where does the left anterior descending artery supply

Answer 44

right ventricle, left ventricle and interventricular septum

Question 45

where does the left marginal artery supply

Answer 45

left ventricle

Question 46

where does the right coronary artery supply

Answer 46

right atrium and ventricle

Question 47

where does the right marginal artery supply

Answer 47

right ventricle and apex

Question 48

where does the left circumflex artery supply

Answer 48

left atrium and ventricle

Question 49

where does the posterior interventircular artery supply

Answer 49

right and left ventricles and interventircular septum

Question 50

branching structure of the coronary arteries

Answer 50