lecture 1

Question 1

is the most complex system in our

body, which is composed of neurons or nerve cells with their processes, neuroglia cells, and blood vessels

Answer 1

Nervous System

Question 2

Functions of the nervous system

Answer 2

regulate, initiate, process

Question 3

Ability of the nervous system

Answer 3

Receive Conduct Process Store Release

Question 4

It forms a slipper-shaped plate

Answer 4

neural plate

Question 5

nervous system develops from

Answer 5

ectoderm

Question 6

lateral edges soon become elevated to form the

Answer 6

neural folds

Question 7

caudal portion of the neural tube becomes the

Answer 7

Spinal Cord.

Question 8

wall of the neural tube consist of

Answer 8

neuroepithelial cells

Question 9

give rise to the primitive nerve cells,

Answer 9

Neuroblast

Question 10

neuroblast cells accumulate around the

neuroepithelial layer and form the so-called

Answer 10

Mantle layer

Question 11

The lateral layer of the spinal cord is known as the

Answer 11

Marginal layer

Question 12

which gives this layer the significant white color and therefor this part is called the

Answer 12

white matter

Question 13

thin wall region that overlies the notochord.

Answer 13

Floor plate

Question 14

both floor plate and notochord produce

Answer 14

protein Sonic hedgehog (Shh)

Question 15

thick wall region lying either side of the floor plate lying either side of the floor plate

Answer 15

Basal plate

Question 16

develop here and extend axons out of the spinal cord to innervate developing skeletal muscle

Answer 16

ventral horn motor neurons

Question 17

thick wall region lying either side of the roof plate

Answer 17

Alar plate

Question 18

develop there and receive axons from the sensory

structures outside the spinal cord.

Answer 18

sensory dorsal horn neurons

Question 19

thin wall region that underlies the dorsal ectoderm epithelium

Answer 19

Roof plate

Question 20

Dorsal patterns the spinal cord, the roof plate produces

Answer 20

Bone morphogenetic proteins

Question 21

neuroepithelium lined fluid-filled space continuous with the brain ventricular system.

Answer 21

Lumen

Question 22

peripheral nervous system

Answer 22

It connects the central nervous system to the organs or viscera

Question 23

those that carry impulses from peripheral receptor to the central nervous system

Answer 23

Afferent (sensory, centripetal) fibres

Question 24

these carry impulses from the peripheral receptor (skin, skeletal musculature and bones) to the central nervous system

Answer 24

Somatic afferent (somatic sensory) fibres

Question 25

carry impulses from the internal organs to the central nervous system

Answer 25

Visceral afferent (visceral sensory) fibres

Question 26

those that carry impulses from the C.N.S to the muscles or glands

Answer 26

Efferent (motor, centrifugal) fibres:

Question 27

carry impulses from the C.N.S to the skeletal muscles | except the pharyngeal arch musculature

Answer 27

Somatic efferent (somatic motor) fibres:

Question 28

carry impulses from the C.N.S to the smooth muscle of the body, cardiac muscle and glands (including pharyngeal arch muscles)

Answer 28

Visceral efferent (visceral motor) fibres

Question 29

is the part of the nervous system concerned with the innervation of voluntary structure skeletal muscle

Answer 29

somatic (voluntary) nervous system

Question 30

is the part of the nervous system concerned with the | innervation of the involuntary structure, such as the heart, smooth muscle and glands within the body

Answer 30

autonomic (visceral or vegetative) nervous system

Question 31

is the primitive organization, is the part of the nervous system that has direct afferent and efferent relation with the rest of the organism

Answer 31

Segmentary nervous system

Question 32

is a new organization, as a result of develop of the encephalon, and the senses organs

Answer 32

Suprasegmentary nervous system:

Question 33

is the part of the C.N.S that has | direct afferent and efferent relation with the segmentary nervous system. It is formed by

Answer 33

cerebellum and cerebrum.

Question 34

Types of cells

Answer 34

The neuron | The neuroglia

Question 35

is the structural and functional unit of the nervous system, are excitable cells that are specialized for the reception of stimuli and the conduction of the nerve impulse

Answer 35

Neuron

Question 36

consists of a single large rounded euchromatic and usually centrally located nucleus surrounded by cytoplasm.

Answer 36

Cell body or perikaryon

Question 37

cytoplasm contains all the usually cellular organelles | but abundant

Answer 37

rough endoplasmic reticulum and free ribosomes

Question 38

under the light microscope appear as basophilic granular areas called

Answer 38

Nissl bodies

Question 39

At the beginning of an axon and the axon itself | there is no Nissl body or substance

Answer 39

Axon Hillock

Question 40

are usually short and divide like branches of the tree, they have a similar structure to the cell body except that they contain no or few Golgi apparatus

Answer 40

Dendrites

Question 41

is a cylindrical process that varies in length and diameter according to the type of neuron

Answer 41

Axon

Question 42

in myelinated fibers the portion of the axon between the axon hillock and the point at which myelination begin is thinner and it is called

Answer 42

Initial segment

Question 43

Types of nerve cells

Answer 43

1. Apolar. 2. Unipolar. 3. Bipolar. 4. Pseudounipolar. 5. Multipolar nerve cell.

Question 44

have no processes e.g. neuroblasts, taste buds, cell in | the inner ear

Answer 44

Apolar

Question 45

they contain only one axon but no dendrites, e.g. | neuroblast, rod and cons of the retina and olfactory cell.

Answer 45

Unipolar:

Question 46

they contain one axon and one dendrite, e.g. second | neurons in the retina, ganglion cells VIII cranial nerve

Answer 46

Bipolar

Question 47

contains only one process that after a short | distance from the cell body divides in to two in the form of “T”, e.g. sensory neuron of spinal ganglion

Answer 47

Pseudounipolar

Question 48

they contain an axon and numerous dendrites. Tow types of multipolar nerve cell can be recognized

Answer 48

Multipolar nerve cell

Question 49

the area that receives the information to be propagated.

Answer 49

Input component

Question 50

the trigger or spike initiation zone is the area of the neuron where the all or none action potential is generated

Answer 50

Trigger component

Question 51

the area responsible for propagating the action potential

Answer 51

Conductive component

Question 52

the area responsible for the release of neurotransmitters

Answer 52

Output component

Question 53

No excitable cell, forms the major component of nervous tissue. It serves as supporting, insulating and nourishing the neuron

Answer 53

Neuroglia

Question 54

Type of neuroglia

Answer 54

``` Oligodendrocyte Astrocytes Ependymal cells Microglia Neurolemma or Schwann cells ```

Question 55

Mononuclear phagocytes derived from macrophages

Answer 55

Microglia

Question 56

Produce myelin in the central nervous system.

Answer 56

Oligodendrocytes

Question 57

Produce myelin in the peripheral nervous systemenvelop 1 internode and they produce and support the sheath

Answer 57

Schwann Cells

Question 58

Line the ventricles and choroid plexus • Ventricles: cavities in the CNS filled with CerebroSpinal Fluid • Choroid plexus: a collection of vessels within the ventricles that secrete CSF

Answer 58

Ependyma/Choroidal Cells

Question 59

are found mainly in the white matter, has small cell bodies, their processes are long, slender, smooth and not much branches

Answer 59

Fibrous astrocytes:

Question 60

are found mainly in the gray matter, has cell bodies, their processes are shorter, thicker, and more branched

Answer 60

Protoplasmic astrocyte

Question 61

Fibrous and protoplasmic types. • Influence embryonic growth or retraction of neurites. • Regulate chemical contents in the extracellular space. • Restrict the spread of neurotransmitters • Regulate the concentration of potassium • Possess neurotransmitter receptors. • Extend end feet on CNS neurons to form glial limiting membranes which regulate nutrient passage

Answer 61

Astrocytes-star-shaped cell

Question 62

Consist mainly of nerve cell bodies (corpus neuronal), with their dendrites and synaptic contacts.

Answer 62

Gray matter or substance

Question 63

is composed of myelinated nerve fibers, glial cells and blood vessels (it has a white color due to the presence of lipid material in the myelin sheaths)

Answer 63

White matter or substance

Question 64

Each myelinated neuron is covered by a connective | tissue layer called

Answer 64

endoneurium

Question 65

Groups of nerve fibers form fascicles which are | covered by

Answer 65

perineurium

Question 66

Fascicles bound together form a nerve which is | covered by

Answer 66

epineurium

Question 67

The reflexes are mediated by chains of neurons called

Answer 67

Reflex Arch

Question 68

defined as rapid, automatic motor responses to stimuli

Answer 68

reflexes

Question 69

this is the site where the stimulus acts and is transformed into nerve impulse

Answer 69

receptor

Question 70

this transmits the afferent impulses to the C.N.S

Answer 70

sensory neuron

Question 71

lies in the C.N.S can be a single synapse between the sensory and motor neurons or multiple synapses in more complex reflex

Answer 71

integration center

Question 72

This conducts efferent impulses from the integration center to an effector.

Answer 72

motor neuron

Question 73

this is the muscle or gland cell that responds to the efferent impulses by contracting or secreting

Answer 73

effector