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Digital Design > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Digit

A

Any of the Arabic figures of 1 through 9 and 0

Any of the symbols of other number systems, as 0 or 1 in binary

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2
Q

Digital

A

Implies that all values in the system are fully represented by a series of digits

Of, relating to, or using data in the form of numerical digits (image)

Involving or using numerical digits expressed in a scale of notation, usually in the binary system, to represent discretely all variables occurring in a problem

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3
Q

Analog

A

Of or relating to a mechanism that represents data by measurement of a continuous physical variable, as voltage or pressure

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4
Q

The world is ____

A

Analog

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5
Q

All analog observations have ____ possibilities

A

Infinite

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6
Q

____ values simplify to a discrete or finite realm

A

Digital

Limited set of values for an observation

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7
Q

Creating a digital signal from an analog signal

A

Quantize the analog signal, rounding all continuous values to the closest integer

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8
Q

Digital, discrete-time signal

A

May be produced by an analog-to-digital converter (ADC)

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9
Q

Digital systems

A

Inputs and outputs are both digital, discrete-time signals

Represents information with discrete-valued variables, variables with a finite number of distinct values

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10
Q

Why use digital signals at all?

A

So that signal processing can be implemented on a digital computer (operate on 1’s and 0’s)

Digital signals are more immune to noise interference than their analog counterparts

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11
Q

Disadvantages of digital signals

A

Reduces accuracy, adds additional components (ADC)

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12
Q

Digital systems advantages

A

Building blocks are simple (1’s and 0’s)

Designer’s challenge is to combine these simple blocks into complicated systems

Microprocessor is an example of a digital system that is too complex to understand all at once

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13
Q

Advances in microprocessors have:

A

Made cell phones and internet possible

Vastly improved medicine

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14
Q

Managing complexity

A

Abstraction, discipline, and the 3-Y’s (hierarchy, modularity, regularity)

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15
Q

Abstraction

A

Hiding details when they are not important

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16
Q

The lowest abstraction level

A

Physics (motion of electrons)

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17
Q

Behavior of electrons is determined by

A

Quantum mechanics and Maxwell’s equations

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18
Q

Our system is constructed from ____ such as transistors (once, vacuum tubes)

A

Electronic devices

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19
Q

Terminals

A

Well-defined connection points in devices

Can be modeled by the relationship between voltage and current as measured at each terminal

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20
Q

Device level

A

Can ignore individual electrons

Transistors, diodes

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21
Q

Analog circuits level

A

Devices are assembled to create components such as Amplifiers, filters

Input and output a continuous range of voltages

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22
Q

Digital circuits level

A

AND gates, NOT gates

Restrict the voltages to discrete ranges, which we use to indicate 0 and 1

23
Q

Logic level

A

Adders, memories

24
Q

Micro-architecture level

A

Datapaths, controllers

Combining logic elements to execute the instructions defined by the architecture

25
Q

Architecture level

A

Instructions, registers

Describes a computer from the programmer’s perspective

26
Q

Operation systems level

A

Device drivers

Handles low-level details such as accessing a hard drive or managing memory

27
Q

Application software level

A

Programs

Uses these facilities provided by the operating system to solve a problem for the user

28
Q

Abstraction levels

A 
Application software
Operation systems
Architecture
Micro-architecture
Logic
Digital circuits
Analog circuits
Devices
Physics
29
Q

Discipline

A

The act of intentionally restricting your design choices so that you can work more productively at a higher level of abstraction

Digital circuits

30
Q

Hierarchy

A

Dividing a system into modules, then further subdividing each of these modules until the pieces are easy to understand

Breaking up into components, and describing lower-level components in detail

31
Q

Modularity

A

Giving modules well-defined functions and interfaces, so that they connect together easily without unanticipated side effects

Dictates that there should be no side effects

32
Q

Regularity

A

Ensuring uniformity among modules so that common modules can be reused many times, reducing the number of distinct modules that must be designed

Teaches that interchangeable parts are a good idea

33
Q

Charles Babbage’s Analytical Engine

A

1834-71

Mechanical computer that used variables with 10 discrete values

Used gears with 10 positions labeled 0 through 9

Each row in the engine processes one digit

25 rows of gears, so 25-digit precision

34
Q

Binary representation

A

High voltage - 1
Low voltage - 0

Most electronic computers use this because its easier to distinguish between 2 voltages than 10

35
Q

A binary variable conveys…

A

1 bit of information

36
Q

Bit

A

Short for binary digit

37
Q

A continuous signal theoretically contains ___ amount of information

A

Infinite

38
Q

Boolean logic

A

Created by George Boole (1815-64)

TRUE (1, HIGH) or FALSE (0, LOW)

39
Q

Digital abstraction

A

Allows digital designers to focus on 1’s and 0’s, ignoring whether the Boolean variables are physically represented by: specific voltages, rotating gears, hydraulic fluid levels

40
Q

A programmer can work without needing to know the intimate details of the ____

A

Computer hardware (HW)

Understanding these HW details allows the programmer to optimize the software (SW) better for that specific compiler

41
Q

An individual bit carrier very little information

A

We use number systems to group bits together to represent numbers

Groups of bits can also represent letters and programs

42
Q

Supply voltage

A

The highest voltage comes from the power supply (Vdd)

43
Q

The lowest voltage in the system is ___

A

0V (ground or GND)

44
Q

In 70’s-80’s tech, Vdd was

A

5V

45
Q

As chips have progressed to smaller transistors, Vdd has dropped to

A

3.3V, 2.5V, 1.8V, 1.5V, 1.2V, or lower to save power and avoid overloading the transistors

46
Q

The mapping of a continuous variable onto a discrete binary variable is done by defining

A

Logic levels

47
Q

Defining logic levels

A

1st gate - driver
2nd gate - receiver

Output of driver connected to input of receiver

Driver produces a 0 output in range of 0 to Vol or a high output in range 0 to Voh to Vdd

48
Q

If the receiver gets an input in the range 0 to Vil

A

Input LOW

49
Q

If the receiver gets an input in the range Vih to Vdd

A

Input HIGH

50
Q

If, due to noise or faults, the receiver’s input falls in the forbidden zone, the behavior of the gate is

A

Unpredictable

51
Q

Forbidden zone

A

Between Vil and Vih

52
Q

For output of driver to be correctly interpreted at input of receiver, we must choose…

A

Vol < Vil and Voh > Vih

53
Q

Noise margin

A

Amount of noise that could be added to a worst-case output such that the signal can still be interpreted as a valid input

Digital Design (13 decks)

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