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Ocular Anatomy > Lecture 1/5 > Flashcards

Lecture 1/5 Flashcards

1
Q

list the 3 types of supportive cells of the retina

A
  1. mueller cells
  2. macroglia
  3. microglia
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2
Q

what are the fibular baskets of the mueller cells ?

A

they are extensions that go into receptive layer

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3
Q

describe the makeup of the ELM

A

it is a fusion of the cell walls in exact line of Mueller cells, cones, and rods

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4
Q

describe the makeup of the ILM

A

it is a fusion of the footplates of the Mueller cells

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5
Q

what is the largest cell in the retina?

A

Mueller cell

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6
Q

astrocytes are a type of

A

macroglia

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7
Q

astrocytes are associated with:

A

blood vessels and neurons

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8
Q

where are astrocytes found?

A

from the nerve fiber layer to the inner nuclear layer

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9
Q

what microglial cell is found in the retina?

A

wandering phagocytic cells

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10
Q

where are microglia found?

A

from nerve fiber layer to outer plexiform layer

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11
Q

the blood supply to the retina is from capillaries from what 2 places?

A
  • central retinal artery (CRA)

- choriocapillaris

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12
Q

capillaries from the central retinal artery (CRA) supply what part of the retina?

A
  • from nerve fiber layer to outer edge of inner nuclear layer
  • inner half of the retina (primary and secondary neurons)
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13
Q

capillaries from the choriocapillaris supply what part of the retina?

A

outer half of the retina (rods and cones)

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14
Q

what locations are there tighter attachments at the retina?

A
  • anterior at the ora serrata
  • posterior at the optic nerve
  • a small but weaker attachment at the macula
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15
Q

what causes the yellow color of the macula lutea?

A

a pigment called xenophyll

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16
Q

what is the diameter of the macula lutea?

A

5.5 mm diameter

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17
Q

the macula is relatively avascular. in what area is there no vessels?

A

the central 0.4 mm has no vessels

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18
Q

what is the diameter of the fovea centralis (central part of macula)?

A

1.5 mm in diameter

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19
Q

what is the floor of the fovea called and what does it not contain?

A

the foveola

-no blood vessels, no rods, no cones

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20
Q

the diameter of the foveola is

A

0.35 mm diameter

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21
Q

what is the very center of the foveola called?

A

the umbo (navel)

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22
Q

what are the sloping walls of the fovea called?

A

clivus

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23
Q

what is the inner ring of the fovea called and how wide is it?

A

inner ring: parafovea

0.5 mm wide

24
Q

what is the outer ring of the fovea called and how wide is it?

A

outer ring: perifovea

1.5 mm wide

25
Q

what retinal layers are present at the foveola?

A

layers 1-5 and the ILM

26
Q

what retinal layers are NOT present at the foveola?

A

layers 6, 7, 8, and 9

27
Q

what is the layer called where the fibers are pushed and going horizontally instead of vertically?

A

fiber layer of Henley

28
Q

what is the diameter of the optic nerve head?

A

1.5 mm

29
Q

what is the excavation of the optic nerve head called and why is it important?

A

called the cup, a result of embryological development, important for C/D ratio and glaucoma diagnosis

30
Q

what is unique about the ILM and the optic nerve head?

A

the ILM does not go over the optic nerve, instead there is a thin layer of astrocytes

31
Q

what is the layer of astrocytes over the optic nerve called?

A

central meniscus of Kuhnt

32
Q

what is the lamina cribrosa?

A

the bridges across the posterior scleral foramen

33
Q

what is the purpose of the lamina cribrosa?

A

to allow the axons of the ganglion cells to exit out of the eye with perforations and holes for the axons

34
Q

what is the anterior portion of the lamina cribrosa derived from?

A

derived from the choroid

-made up of astrocytes and elastic tissue

35
Q

what is the posterior portion of the lamina cribrosa derived from?

A

derived from the sclera

-made up of collagen fibers and some astrocytes

36
Q

where does myelination of the fibers occur?

A

at the lamina cribrosa

37
Q

where is the thickest area of the retina?

A

optic nerve head

560 microns thick

38
Q

where is the thinnest area of the retina?

A

ora serrata

100 microns thick

39
Q

how thick is the foveola?

A

130 microns thick

40
Q

what is the average thickness throughout the retina?

A

370 microns

41
Q

what are the nerve fibers that travel from the macula called?

A

papillomacular bundle

42
Q

what are the nerve fibers that travel from the superior/ inferior temporal retina called?

A

arcuate fibers

43
Q

what are the nerve fibers that travel from the superior/ inferior nasal retina called?

A

radial fibers

44
Q

what is the superior inferior demarcation line called?

A

horizontal raphe

45
Q

how many axons does the optic nerve contain?

A

1.2 million axons

46
Q

what is the extent of the optic nerve?

A

from the globe in the back of the eye to the optic chiasm

47
Q

what is the length of the optic nerve?

A

500 mm long

48
Q

diameter of the optic nerve

A

3-4 mm

49
Q

what are the 3 meninges surrounding the optic nerve?

A

dura mater, arachnoid, pia matter

50
Q

what is important about the subarachnoid space?

A

it contains the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

51
Q

how would a space occupying lesion in the brain manifest ocularly?

A

a tumor, for example, could cause pressure in the CSF that is transmitted up the back of the eye and causes swelling of the optic nerve

52
Q

what is the optic chiasm?

A

the crossing of the optic nerves (decussation)

53
Q

how many of the optic nerve fibers will cross at the optic chiasm?

A

1.4 million fibers

54
Q

what is the optic tract?

A

from the optic chiasm to the lateral geniculate body (LGB)

55
Q

what is special about the LGB

A

it is the first synapse of the axons from the ganglion cell

Ocular Anatomy (20 decks)

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