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micro biology > lect 9- microbial growth and control > Flashcards

lect 9- microbial growth and control Flashcards

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1
Q

what 2 pathways function during the bacterial cell cycle

A

DNA replication/partition and cytokinesis

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2
Q

define replisome

A

group of proteins needed for DNA synthesis

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3
Q

define generation time

A

double time: time it takes for a population to double

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4
Q

what type of viable counting method yield the most probably number (MPN)

A

turbidity

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5
Q

what temperature range do psychrophiles function best at

A

0-20 degrees celsius

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6
Q

what temperature range do psychrotrophs function best at

A

0-35 degrees celcius

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7
Q

what temperature range do mesophiles function best at

A

20-45 degrees celsius (human body temperature)

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8
Q

what temperature do thermophiles function best at

A

55-85 degrees celsius

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9
Q

what temperature do hyperthermophiles function best at

A

85-113 degrees celsius

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10
Q

what pH range do most bacteria grow at

A

6.5 to 7.5

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11
Q

what pH range do mold and yeast grow between

A

5 and 6

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12
Q

define tonicity

A

measure of osmotic pressure

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13
Q

What do hypertonic environments cause

A

plasmolysis

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14
Q

where is sulfur found

A

in amino acids, thiamine and biotin

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15
Q

where is phosphorus found

A

in DNA, RNA, ATP and membranes (PO43- is source of phosphorus)

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16
Q

define aerotolerance

A

measure of the ability of a microorganism to grow in the presence/absence of oxygen

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17
Q

what are some ROS

A

superoxide radical, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical

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18
Q

what are the protective enzymes that aerobes produce against ROS

A

superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase and peroxidase

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19
Q

what are some organic growth factors

A

vitamins, amino acids, purines and pyrimidines

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20
Q

what does ionization radiation do

A

disrupts chemical structure of many molecules, including DNA

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21
Q

what does UV radiation do

A

causes formation of thymine dimers

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22
Q

define disinfection

A

destruction or removal of vegetative pathogens but not bacterial endospores.

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23
Q

define sterilization

A

complete removal or destruction of all viable microorganisms

24
Q

define antisepsis

A

chemicals applied to body surfaces to destroy or inhibit vegetative pathogens

25
Q

define sanitization

A

reduction of microbial populations to level deemed safe

26
Q

what does tidal and static mean

A

cidal agents kill; static agents inhibit growth

27
Q

define decimal reduction time

A

time to kill 90%

28
Q

what does moist heat destroy and degrade

A

destroys viruses, fungi and bacteria. degrades nucleic acids, denatures proteins and disrupts membranes

29
Q

what is steam sterilization effective against

A

all types of microorganisms, including spores

30
Q

what does dry heat sterilization do

A

oxidizes cell constituents and denatures proteins

31
Q

why is UV radiation limited to surface sterilization

A

because it does not penetrate glass, dirt films, water or other substances

32
Q

what is ionization radiation used for

A

sterilization and pasteurization of antibiotics, hormones, sutures, plastic disposable supplies and food

33
Q

what needs to be considered when using a disinfectant

A

concentration of disinfectant, organic matter, pH and time

34
Q

describe phenolics

A

act by denaturing proteins and disrupting cell membrane. effective in presence of organic material and long lasting. has disagreeable odor and can cause skin irritation

35
Q

describe alcohols

A

bactericidal, fungicidal but not sporiidal. inactivates some viruses. denatures proteins and possibly dissolve membrane lipids

36
Q

what are hologens important for

A

antimicrobial agents

37
Q

describe why iodine is improtant

A

skin antiseptic. oxidizes cell constituents and iodinates proteins. at high concentrations may kill spores.

38
Q

what does chlorine destroy

A

vegetative bacteria and fungi. it is sporicidal

39
Q

What do heavy metals do

A

effective but usually toxic. combine with and inactivate proteins; may also precipitate proteins

40
Q

what are cationic detergents inactivated by

A

hard water and soap

41
Q

describe aldehydes

A

sporicidal and can be used as chemical sterilant. combine with and inactivate nucleic acids and proteins

42
Q

describe sterilizing gas

A

microbicidal and sporicidal. combine with and inactivate DNA and proteins

43
Q

what does a dilution test do

A

determines rate at which selected bacteria are destroyed by various chemical agents

44
Q

define selective toxicity

A

ability of drug to kill/inhibit pathogen while damaging host as little as possible

45
Q

define therapeutic index

A

ratio of toxic does to therapeutic dose

46
Q

describe the role of penicillin

A

cidal. effects gram + (inhibits transpeptidation enzymes involved in crow-linking the polysaccharide chains of peptidoglycan) and inhibitor of cell wall synthesis

47
Q

what is the most crucial features of penicillins

A

beta lactam ring

48
Q

describe cephalosporins

A

structurally and functionally similar to penicillins. broad spectrum.

49
Q

describe vancomycin and tecoplanin

A

glycopeptide antibiotics. inhibit cell wall synthesis

50
Q

what is vancomycin important for the treatment of

A

antibiotic resistant staphylococcal and enterococcal infections

51
Q

describe chloramphenicol

A

protein synthesis inhibitor: binds to 50S portion and inhibits formation of peptide bond

52
Q

describe what streptomycin does

A

protein syn inhibitor: changes shape of 30S portion, causing code on mRNA to be read incorrectly

53
Q

describe what tetracycline does

A

protein syn inhibitor: inters with attachment of tRNA to mRNA-ribosome complex. it is bacteriostatic

54
Q

describe what erythromycin does

A

usually bacteriostatic. binds to 23S rRNA of 50S ribosomal subunit: inhibits peptide chain elongation

55
Q

what do sulfonamides do

A

inhibit folic acid synthesis. broad spectrum (competitive inhibitor

56
Q

what do quinolines do

A

interfere with nucleic acid synthesis

micro biology (10 decks)

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