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micro biology > lect 2- bacterial cell structure and lect 3-peptidoglycan syn. and euk cell structure > Flashcards

lect 2- bacterial cell structure and lect 3-peptidoglycan syn. and euk cell structure Flashcards

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1
Q

define spirillum

A

one or more twists

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2
Q

define vibrio

A

curved rod

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3
Q

define spirochete

A

flexible, helical spirals

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4
Q

what is the prefix for pairs

A

diplo-

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5
Q

what is the prefix for clusters

A

staphylo-

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6
Q

what is the prefix for chains

A

strepto-

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7
Q

define pleomorphic

A

organisms that are variable in shape

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8
Q

define mycelium

A

network of long, multinucleate filaments

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9
Q

what is the function of inclusions

A

storage of carbon, phosphate and other substances

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10
Q

describe the bacteria membrane

A
  • lacks sterols (has hopanoids (sterol-like molecules that stabilize the membrane and found in petroleum)
  • lipid comp varies with environ. conditions
  • many bact have plasma membrane infoldings
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11
Q

describe the bonds in euk, bact, and archae

A

bact and elk have ester; archae have ether

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12
Q

what does FtsZ do and what is it found in

A

found in many bacteria and forms the ring during septum formation in cell division (acts like actin)

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13
Q

what does MreB do and where is it found

A

found in bacilli, but not cocci. it maintains shape by positioning peptidoglycan synthesis machinery

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14
Q

what does CreS do and what is it found in

A

rare and maintains curve shape

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15
Q

what is the site of anaerobic ammonia oxidation

A

anammoxosome

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16
Q

what do magnetosomes do

A

they are found in aquatic bacteria and are magnetite particles (iron) for orientation in earth’s magnetic field

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17
Q

compare the bacterial, archaea and eukaryotic ribosomes

A

bacterial and archaea are 70S while euk. are 80S

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18
Q

what is the function of conjugative (F) plasmids

A

transfer of DNA from one cell to another

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19
Q

what is the function of R plasmids

A

carry antibiotic-resistance genes

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20
Q

what is the function of Col plasmids

A

produce bacteriocins, substances that destroy closely related species

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21
Q

what is the function of virulence plasmids

A

carry virulence genes

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22
Q

what is the function of metabolic plasmids

A

carry genes for enzymes

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23
Q

what color do gram + cell walls stain

A

purple

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24
Q

what color do gram - cell walls stain

A

pink or red

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25
Q

what are the 2 alternating sugars in peptidoglycan (bacteria) and what is the intermediate

A

NAG and NAM. the intermediate is meso-diaminopimelic acid

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26
Q

what produces the negative charge in gram + cell wall

A

teichoic acid

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27
Q

what produces the negative charge in gram- wall

A

LPS

28
Q

what are the enzymes secreted by gram+ bacteria called

A

exoenzymes: aid in degradation of large nutrients

29
Q

what part of LPS serves as an endotoxin

A

Lipid A

30
Q

what are the 3 parts of LPS

A

lipid A, core polysaccharide and O side chain (O antigen)

31
Q

what inhibits peptidoglycan synthesis

A

penicillin

32
Q

what do lysozymes do to the cell wall

A

breaks the bond between N-acetyl glucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid

33
Q

describe the S layer in gram- and gram+

A

gram negative: adheres to outer membrane. In gram position: associated with peptidoglycan surface

34
Q

what is the main role of fimbriae

A

can mediate attachment to surfaces; some are required for twitching motility or gliding motility

35
Q

what are the 3 parts of flagella

A

filament, hook, basal body

36
Q

what part of flagella drives the flagellar motor

A

basal body

37
Q

what type of secretion system is used for flagellar synthesis

A

Type 3-like secretion system

38
Q

describe amphitrichous flagella distribution

A

one flagellum at each end of cell

39
Q

describe polar flagellum

A

flagellum at end of cell

40
Q

describe lophotrichous flagellum

A

cluster of flagella at one or both ends

41
Q

describe peritrichous flagellum

A

spread over entire surface of cell

42
Q

what type of movement is best in water

A

flagellar

43
Q

what type of motility is like a corkscrew

A

spirochete

44
Q

when is gliding motility most useful

A

on a solid surface

45
Q

what powers the rotation of the basal body and filament

A

torque

46
Q

which occurs in gram +/- direct cross linking and peptide interbridge

A

gram + has peptide inter bridge and negative has direct cross linking

47
Q

how are cross links formed

A

by transpeptidation

48
Q

what 2 carriers are involved in peptidoglycan synthesis

A

bactoprenol and uridine disphosphate

49
Q

what does vancomycin inhibit

A

transpeptidation by binding to D-Ala-D-Ala

50
Q

what does cycloserine do

A

blocks formation of D-Ala-D-Ala

51
Q

what does penicillin inhibit

A

transpeptidation reaction

52
Q

what does bacitracin block

A

dephosphorylation of bactoprenol pyrophosphate

53
Q

what do autolysins do

A

carry out limited digestion of peptidoglycan in order to provide acceptor ends for addition of new peptidoglycan units

54
Q

what are gram negative walls sensitive to

A

tetracylcine

55
Q

describe the basal body in gram+/-

A

negative has 4-rings; positive has 2 rings

56
Q

describe acid-fast cells

A

resist decolorization with acid alcohol

57
Q

what is the basis for acid-fast staining

A

waxy cell wall composed of mycolic acids

58
Q

describe the cell wall of mycoplasmas

A

do not have cell walls and have sterols in plasma membrane

59
Q

describe cell wall of archaea

A

they are wall-less or have walls of pseudomurein (lack NAM-and D_amino acids)

60
Q

define cytoplasmic streaming

A

movement of cytoplasm through cells

61
Q

what do lysosomes do

A

digest enzymes

62
Q

what do peroxisomes do

A

oxidation of FA: destroy H2O2

63
Q

what does the centrosome consist of

A

protein fibers and centrioles

64
Q

what is the cite of TCA cycle

A

mitochondria

65
Q

how is ATP generated in hydrogenosomes

A

fermentation

66
Q

define thylakoids

A

flattened, membrane-delimted sacs and the site of light reactions

67
Q

what is the site of dark reactions of photosynthesis in chloroplasts

A

stroma

micro biology (10 decks)

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